0 Broadly defined to include physical sciences, life sciences, social sciences, earth sciences, mathematics, engineering, and technology. The alphabetical index helps to find a particular Science topic, especially if common name differs from one used by scientists. Sites about alternative / non-mainstream Science concepts are listed in Science/Anomalies_and_Alternative_Science. 17 46 The science and technology of growing living things (plants and animals) for human consumption or use as pets, ornament, food, fiber, or construction material. Includes Forestry, Horticulture and Soil Science. 282 Websites concerned with the science and practices involved in raising animals under agricultural conditions, for meat, dairy or draft. 1455 3412 Information on poultry science and "how-to" information on raising poultry. 5099 Devoted to the scientific study of chickens in agriculture. 5100 Devoted to the scientific study of raising ducks and duck care in agriculture. 5101 The science and practices involved in raising quail under agricultural conditions. 3413 The science and practices involved in raising ratites as livestock. 1456 About the cultivation of insects for consumption or sale. 3414 Beekeeping is concerned primarily with the domesticated honey bee, Apis mellifera. This category contains information on beekeeping techniques, pollination, and the husbandry of bees, associations, supplies, and research. Information on the biology of bees can be found in the Zoology and taxonomic categories. 5108 5103 5102 5106 5107 This category lists websites whose primary purpose is to describe beekeeping methods, practices, and techniques. 6571 5104 5109 5105 5110 6573 6572 1460 1459 The science of mammalian animal agriculture. Related information: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 3415 3418 This category is for science, research, and education into the agricultural use of cattle. The term cattle is used here in its wider sense, and includes the related bovines, such as bison, water buffalo, and yak. 3416 Websites concerned with the science and practice of raising animals for their milk and related products. 3417 Websites about the science and practice of raising pigs and related animals (including other boars) for agricultural use. 1457 Snail farming - otherwise known as heliciculture - is the science of rearing snails. This is often undertaken on a commercial basis to provide live snails to be turned into escargot for consumption by gourmets. 1458 1454 Sites that are involved in growing and using worms to improve soil, explaining that process, or offering products or services about such worm farming. 3411 For suppliers of worms and their products, and equipment for raising worms. 3410 This category is devoted to the practice of vermicomposting (using worms to compost organic matter). Vermicomposting allows you to recycle organic matter into valuable fertilizer called "worm castings". Vermicomposting can be done on a small scale, at or in your home, to convert all your kitchen waste into fertilizer - or can be done on a large municipal scale to divert organic wastes from landfills. Please use the sites in this category to either learn about, or become more familiar with, the topic of vermicomposting. CAUTION: Vermicomposting is addictive - once you start composting with worms, you won't be able to quit! :-D 269 Websites of planned, current and past conferences and events concerning study and research in agriculture and allied fields. 1419 Listings for events whose set date has passed, but for which the website or pages still exists. 274 Listings of websites that provide online databases and reference information. 278 This category contains websites that list scientific and educational resources pertaining to agriculture and related topics. It does not contain business directories. These will be found in the business part of the directory. 283 This category contains websites with online educational resources, and links to the agricultural resources and departments in educational institutes. 1461 273 Websites concerning agricultural science relevant to crops grown in the field by the practices of arable farming. 1434 3384 Websites concerning the science and practices of growing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) 3389 This category deals with the science of the cultivation of Zea mays, known as corn in the United States, and as maize in many other parts of the world. 5089 5091 5092 5090 3381 The term millet includes a group of grasses grown in semi arid condition for grain. They include the foxtail, pearl, proso, browntop and finger millets. The grass genera involved are Setaria, Panicum, Pennisetum, Echinochloa, Eragrostis, and possibly others. 3388 Oats are a cereal grass of the species Avena sativa, originally derived from a weed plant of wheat and other cereals, and now grown as a crop in its own right in colder latitudes. This category deals with the techniquest of agricultural growth of the plant. 3387 This category deals with the science of the cultivation of Oryza sativa, or rice. The crop when grown as a wetland plant is also known as paddy or padi. 5087 This category lists websites and pages concerning the attempts by the US company RiceTec to patent various aspects of the long cultivated Basmati rice varieties. 5088 Websites concerning the pathogens and other problems found in growing rice. 3386 3382 Sorghum Moench. is a genus of Old World cereal grasses, of unknown orgin, all of which are either cultivated or are believed to be derived from cultivated varieties. 3383 Triticale is a hybid of rye and wheat. 3385 5086 5085 This category contains websites providing information on pathogens of wheat, their management and control. 1433 Contains sites dealing only with field crops that are used for fiber. Some of the plants covered are, but not limited to: Abaca, Cotton, Flax, Industrial Hemp, Kenaf, and Ramie. 3379 Contains sites dealing only with the field crop Abaca. 3380 Contains sites dealing only with the field crop Cotton. 5084 5082 5083 5081 Scouts play a vital role in field pest management. They are responsible for mainting logs and records of insect populations, crop damage, plant height and more. Sites listed in this category provide resources, help and information for both Cotton Scouts and the Growers that utilize their services. 3376 Contains sites dealing only with the field crop Flax. 3375 Industrial Hemp is an annual plant that can be grown in almost any climate and can be used to produce over 25,000 products including: food, paper, clothing, plastics, building materials and fuel. It is currently grown in more than 25 countries including Canada, England, Germany, France, Russia and China but it is still prohibited in the United States. Please see the FAQ for more information about Industrial Hemp. 3377 3378 Contains sites dealing only with the field crop Ramie. Ramie fiber, or China grass, is obtained from Boehmeria nivea. 1437 Websites about the science and management of raising grass and other crops for feeding animals. 3396 This leguminous plant, botanic name Medicago sativa, is commonly called Alfalfa in North America. It is also known in English as lucerne, and as purple medic, among a variety of other names. It is grown as a pasture crop. This category deals with the scientific aspects of its cultivation. 3395 This plant, Lolium perenne, is an Eurasian grass that is extensively grown both for pasture, and for turf. Websites concerned with its agricultural use are listed here. 1438 3399 Sites concerning the methods and practices of growing lentils, including all varieties and especially Lens culinaris. 3398 Peanuts (also called groundnuts outside North America), are an important legume field crop in much of the warmer parts of the world. Botanic name is Arachis hypogea L. 3397 5096 5095 1431 This category is for the growing of crops which are cultivated primarily for the oil content of their seed. 3373 This brassica crop (Brassica napus), also known as Canola in North America, is grown mainly for the extraction of oil from its seed. 3374 Sunflower, Helianthus annuus, is an annual crop grown primarily for the oil-rich seed. 1435 3393 Cassava is the common name for Manihot dulcis Pax., a semi-woody plant grown for its starchy and fleshy roots. 3391 The potato is a vegetable derived from the root tubers of Solanum tuberosum L. 5094 5093 Websites with information on the specific pathogens of this plant. 3394 This plant is a variant of Beta vulgaris, grown in cooler latitudes for the sugar content of the taproot. 3390 The plant has the botanic name Ipomoea batatas Lam. Globally, the sweet-potato is an important root crop. It ranks sixth or seventh in terms of overall production and is an important staple in some regions. 3392 Taro is the common name for Colocasia esculenta Schott., when it is grown as a root crop. It is also known as eddo and dasheen. 1432 This plant (botanically Saccharum offinarum L.) is a tall perennial grass which is grown for the cane sugar extracted from its sap. 1436 277 This category is for websites concerned with the science and practice of growing forestry crops. 1449 1446 This category is for sites dealing with the care and upkeep of individual trees, generally as urban and garden specimens. Arboriculture is distinct from forestry and woodland management, which are subjects that deal with trees as a crop. 1448 1444 Insects and diseases of trees play important roles in the forests around the world. Here you will find informative links on the identification, ecology, and management of many of these organisms. 1445 Includes print and electronic books, newsletters, and journals related to scientific aspects of forestry and forest management. 3407 1447 Forestry Research institutes are those bodies, usually associated with University, governmental agency or non-profit cooperatives whose mission is to collect, analyze and disseminate information about forestry and forestry related topics. 1450 This category contains resources related to arboricultural efforts in urban areas--that is, growing trees in cities. It contains such resources as government programs encouraging activities, research programs into the benefits of urban forestry, and help materials for successful tree culture in cities. 3408 276 268 This category contains websites concerned with the science and technology of growing plants on an intensive or on a small scale basis, as opposed to the extensive cultivation of arable cultivation. It includes turf science, arboriculture, and nursery science. Much related material regarding domestic gardens will be found in the related category Home: Gardening. 1414 Websites concerned with scientific aspecs of the growing of tree and soft fruit. 3357 Sites concerned with the science of growing apple fruits (edible species of Malus). 3358 Bananas are a tropical herbaceous plant grown for the fruit - Musa x paradisiaca. 3354 This group of cultivated fruiting plants include those that do not produce permanently woody stems, and usually need to be trained to canes or wires. They include the brambles; blackberries and related fruits, and also gooseberries. 3353 Citrus trees not only provide nutrition, they have added value when used in landscape design. These trees have a wide variety of colors, textures, sizes and fruit. This category has links to help anyone find out more about citrus trees, from professional growers to homeowners looking for an ornamental specimen. 3352 Websites with information on the science and practice of growing coffee, the seed and fruit of plants of the genus Coffea. 3351 Websites on the cultivation of the common fig, Ficus carica. 3356 3355 Websites concerned with the growing of this small tree, Olea europea, of the Mediterranean region, which is grown for its fruit and seed. 1417 Resources about growing plants in artificially prepared and maintained nutrient solutions. 1410 Edible fungi include the common mushrooms, and some other cultivated species. This category is for sites concerned with the practice and science of growing mushrooms and other cultivated and edible fungi. 1416 Websites concerned with the principles and practices of the cultivation and propagation of ornamental plants. 3359 1411 This category includes print and electronic books, newsletters, and journals related to horticulture. 1412 1418 Turfgrass management is the intentional care for low canopies of grass(es), family Poaceae. At the minimum, such care must involve mowing or cutting of leaf blades, usually with mechanical equipment. The possible purposes and benefits of turfgrass management may be recreation, esthetic appearance of the landscape, safety, evaporative cooling, conservation of soil or water, fire protection, and sanitation. If the purpose for caring for a grass canopy is a traditional agricultural product such as (1) feed, (2) fiber, or (3) food, then the appropriate category would be (1) Pastures and Forages, (2) Fiber Crops, or (3) Crops. Although turfgrass management originated in Japan by the year 800 A.D., modern turfgrass management had cultural influences from the northern Europe, e.g., the Commons of the British Isles, and mid 1800s eastern North America. Modern turfgrass management typically involves products and equipment only available late in the industrial revolution, such as synthetic pesticides, irrigation pipes, and fertilizers. Turfgrass Management as a subcategory of Science: Agriculture involves the systematic observation of the growth and environmental relationships of turfgrass species. The purpose of such observation is the development of ideas on the relationship of care practices to the purposes and benefits of turfgrass. In contrast, the actual practice of turfgrass management is a category of business, and is represented by multiple categories under Business: Industries as well as Home: Gardens: Lawns and Business: Organizations: Trade Associations: Agriculture: Turfgrass. 3364 3360 Online talk about turfgrass problems 3367 3363 3368 3365 3361 3366 3362 1413 This category mainly contains sites with information on vegetables that will be of interest to the commercial grower, keen gardener and to those who take an interest in the science of vegetables. 3348 Contains sites directly related to the use and culture of asparagus. 3350 This category contains consultants who deal with commercial vegetable growing. 3346 This section is devoted to vegetable crops grown under protection, either in a glasshouse or plastic tunnel. 3347 This category relates to organically grown vegetables. 3349 Websites with specific information on pests and diseases of vegetable crops. Take note that information may also be found in the category: Home/Gardens/Pest and Disease Control. 3345 This caregory deals with nutritional aspects of growing vegetable crops. 1415 Developing, growing, studying grape culture 281 1453 3409 1452 Websites of institutions and organisations that undertake research into agricultural science. 279 Listings of websites concerned with scientific and professional organizations and associations. 271 This category is for websites with information on the management and control of pests, weeds, and diseases in crops and on livestock. 1428 About the management and control of animals, birds and other vertebrates when they are pests in agriculture and horticulture. 1424 1426 Biological control is the use of natural predators to control problem organisms. Includes websites that describe biological control methods, techniques, and the science and research behind them. 1423 1425 Websites that are concerned with the management and control of plant and animal diseases in agriculture. 1421 About pest management for specific agricultural crops or farm products. 1427 1422 This category is for listings by companies / websites providing either services or information for Weed Control in Agriculture crops. 275 1440 Community Supported Agriculture (or CSA) is a system developed by local peoples to create a localized food supply around the customer base. Each farm offers shares to consumers and they receive, in turn, a portion of the harvest. This helps to defray the intial operating cost of each season's harvest. 3406 3405 5097 6546 6545 5098 6569 6555 Listings of community supported agriculture farms in Colorado. 6557 Community supported agriculture in Florida. 6570 6568 6553 6567 6554 Listings of community supported agriculture farms in Maryland. 6549 6558 6560 6552 6547 Listings of community supported agriculture programs in New Hampshire. 6556 6564 6561 6548 Listings for community supported agriculture farms in North Carolina. 6551 6550 6562 6565 6566 6563 6559 3404 1443 Websites concerned with the practices and methods of effective raising of crops and livestock in dry, semi-arid, and arid regions. 1441 1439 Precision farming is the application of technology to manage the heterogeneity within a field. Traditional agriculture considers a field as a homogeneous unit. Fields used to be smaller and more uniform, and field boundaries were probably adapted to get uniform fields. As a result of mechanization, farmers are able to work bigger areas and fields became bigger and more variable. Farmers and agronomists are looking for tools to manage the local differences in fields. Precision farming is a tool to handle the spatial and temporal variability and creates a framework to understand and control the (local) processes in the field. An ensemble of collected information (including yield maps, soil maps, multi-spectral satellite remote-sensing images, etc.) can be used to develop management strategies that reduce needed inputs, and result in higher profitability, environmental protection and/or higher yields. 3402 Differential correction can be post-processed or achieved in real-time. In most cases, real-time correction is acquired from a differential correction provider who computes timing errors and transmits the differential correction to GPS receivers in the local area. 3403 This subcategory has been designed to include higher education institutes, universities, and organizations with interests in precision agriculture. 3401 A subcategory for vendors, dealers, and resellers who provide precision agricultural products and/or services to the industry. 3400 1442 This name includes a group of practices that are also known as, or include, the following; conservation tillage; no-till farming; high-residue farming. It is based on minimal or no cultivation, and sowing directly into the ground after the removal of the previous crop. It often involves increased use of herbicides to control weed growth. 272 This category and its subcategories are for listings of scientific equipment suppliers, laboratories, and research products. 1430 This category is for firms that offer expertise and knowledge in the science and technology of agriculture and allied disciplines. Examples would include agronomy, weed control and animal nutrition. 1429 Equipment and services that offer testing services for seeds. 280 Publications and journals concerned with the science, techniques, and practices of agriculture. 1451 Journals are intended for professionals and normally publish reports of original research, while magazines are directed to a general or popular audience. Both are listed here. Agriculture involve obtaining products from plants and animals with the intervention on man. The production systems are mainly called; Agroecosystem or Agricultural systems. 284 Information about soils in agriculture and forestry, as well as soil science in general. Potential topics include soil genesis and morphology, soil classification and mapping, soil fertility, soil conservation (including erosion), soil management and modifications, and interpretation of soil characteristics. 1463 1468 3420 3419 This category should include information regarding wind erosion on farms and other agricultural sites. 1462 Information about, and vendors of, specialized instrumentation and supplies for making measurements in soils. Includes devices for measuring soil moisture, pH, and other properties relevant to plant growth or the suitability of the soil for growing plants or animal food. 1466 1469 1465 This category contains electronic publications such as books, journals, abstracts and research papers relevant to soil science. These can be interactive or downloadable. 1471 1467 It relates sites dealing with Soil Fertility, Plant Nutrition, Fertilizers and Fertilization of agricultural soils. 1470 1464 270 Sustainable agriculture implies use of renewable or reusable resources rather than consumption and exhaustion of finite resources. Sustainable agriculture means a system of food production that over many years, is environmentally neutral or beneficial, is economically viable, and produces good quality food and other goods in large quantities to meet world needs. 1420 Organic farming can be defined as the raising of crops without the use of pesticides, and (not necessarily according to all definitions), also without the use of artificial fertilisers. In recent times it has also come to exclude the use of any plants with genetically modified germplasm. This category deals with the techniques of organic farming where they differ from those of conventional farming. 3371 3369 Using methods dating back thousands of years, it was formalized and brought to the US by famous English horticulturist, Alan Chadwick. Originally termed French Biodynamic Intensive, and then Biointensive gardening, it is now termed and promoted more properly as Biointensive Sustainable Mini-Farming. It is one of the most productive forms of agriculture extant, often exceeding standard culture methods by two to six times. Biointensive agriculture is almost always done using all-organic methods. It differs from more orthodox culture systems via combining five tactics, which almost always occur together: 1) Double-dug, raised beds: Usually 3-5 feet wide, separated by paths, digging to two feet deep. Planted soil is never walked on. This keeps soil uncompacted, gives plant roots maximum freedom to grow, lets soil absorb and retain far more water with far less erosion, makes weeding far easier. 2) Dense (intensive) planting: Instead of rows, arrange plants in hexagonal arrays so they grow to shade soil from direct sun, shade out weeds, conserve soil moisture, and shelter helpful creatures. 3) Composting: Fertilizes, aerates, and builds soil, raises water capacity. 4) Intercropping, companion planting: Grow some plants near each other to raise yields, repel pests, attract helpful creatures, build soil. 5) Whole system synergy: Use all tactics together for maximum results. If any tactic is omitted, results are poorer. Overall, emphasis is less on growing plants, and more on growing soil, since it is the soil which ultimately feeds us. 3370 Sites related to marketing of organic products. This category is not for sites of individual farms or firms selling organic produce. 3372 Sites relating to organic methods of growing grapes. 38 Science is constantly reshaping itself through unexpected observations, new ideas, and revisions to old theories. While terms like "anomalies" or "alternative" may seem pejorative from an orthodox perspective, from an historical view these are the topics are the very life-blood of science. We must have heretics and revolutionaries challenging our beliefs, and advancing the state of the believable, otherwise science will stagnate into dogma. 100 Contains sites and categories dealing with anomalies found in the sky. 536 Many thories exist regarding Flying Rods. They are generally considered to be either undiscovered insects, aliens, or camera anomalies. 120 Historically, alchemy is based on the ancient belief that all matter consists of various mixtures of four basic elements: Earth, Air, Fire and Water. In current usage, any chemistry based on ancient principles rather than modern physics may be included. 543 113 Objects found that are misplaced in time, such as ancient computers or spaceships. 118 Anomalous people have either origins or abilities that are scientifically inexplicable. 107 About "hums" and another anomalous sounds and noises. 112 541 540 Anomalous aspects of planets other than Earth, particularly Mars and the moon. 539 The Dogon people of West Africa are said to have known about the white dwarf companion star of Sirius before it was discovered by European astronomers. 101 Contains newsletters, newsgroups, forums, message boards, and chat rooms which discuss science topics that are not considered to be in the mainstream science studies, as of this time. For example, discussing where the "face" on Mars was built by alien beings would be a fitting subject for this category. 102 Creationism, as defined in Webster's New Universal Dictionary, is the doctrine that matter and all things were created, substantially as they now exist, by an omnipotent creator, and not gradually evolved or developed. As such it is not only a religious view and an (unorthodox) scientific doctrine, but a philosophical position about the origin of the world and life. 537 106 121 Cryptozoology is the study of hidden animals not formally recognized by science, but supported in some way by other forms of evidence such as eyewitness accounts or tracks. Examples include Bigfoot and lake monsters(such as the Loch Ness Monster). 551 2436 547 Chupacabra 553 Globsters and carcasses. 549 545 544 The Mothman 550 Organizations, researchers, and groups related to the science of Cryptozoology. Not necessarily non-profit. 546 Publications and newsletters related to cryptozoology 552 2437 The Loch Ness Monster. 554 548 2435 4731 111 Sites that pertain to the "Earth Lights" phenomenon, an Anomalous Light Phenomena (i.e. type of UFO). 114 For sites that deal with the belief that the world is flat. 117 Focus is primarily on non-mainstream theories and speculations about geologic history and earth processes. 542 About the life, work, and theories of Immanuel Velikovsky (1895-1979), who developed and published a set of theories about earth's history that explained many historical events and events in geologic history as caused by interactions with other planets. The book Worlds in Collision asserted that around 3,500 years ago the planet Venus was ejected from the planet Jupiter as a comet. Comet Venus then started wandering through the solar system. Its gravitational field pushed other planets out of their orbits or changed their rotation. Velikovsky attributed many of the disasters recorded in ancient times to this strange interaction the Earth had with Venus. A psychiatrist by training, Velikovsky did not base his claims on astronomical evidence and scientific inference or argument. Instead, he argued on the basis of ancient cosmological myths from places as disparate as India and China, Greece and Rome, Assyria and Sumer. 104 Highly unconventional views about history. This category is called "historical revisionism" to distinguish it from "alternate histories", which are "what if" scenarios acknowledged by their authors to be fictional. 538 This category is for sites that discuss theories (recently, most notably promoted by Bernal in "Black Athena" and other publications) that "classical" Greek and Mesopotamian civilizations derived their central ideas from Egypt and therefore from people of an African racial type. Listed sites may express opinions pro, con, or mixed on any such ideas. 122 E-zines and websites for published magazines devoted to multiple aspects of alternative science, anomalous phenomena, etc. 115 About the theories of Wilhelm Reich, who posited the existence of a "life force" called orgone energy, and their application. The study of orgone energy is also referred to as "radionics" or "orgonomy." 108 Pages pertaining to no specific field of alternative science, or pages pertaining to an individual's experiences with anomalies. 109 This category is for sites owned by individuals or organizations currently researching alternative science. 110 Spontaneous human combustion (SHC) is the alleged process of a human body catching fire as a result of heat generated by internal chemical action. 119 Plans and proposals for devices which the scientific and engineering communities claim are impossible or infeasible. 103 Allegedly, in the fall of 1943 a U.S. Navy destroyer was made invisible and teleported from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Norfolk, Virginia, in an incident known as the Philadelphia Experiment. This category is for websites concerning the so-called Philadelphia Experiment (Project Rainbow) and Montauk. 116 This category is for sites related to the Voynich Manuscript (aka the Most Mysterious Document in the World) and efforts to decipher it. 105 Sites that contain weather control information. 40 Astronomy is the study physical and chemical properties of the stars, planets, galaxies and the universe, as we know it, today and in the past. 159 823 Links to sites describing major scientific research projects being carried out by individuals or groups of skilled and motivated amateur astronomers. This category does *not* list amateur or amateur/professional organizations such as the International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA) or the American Association Of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). These are listed in Science/Astronomy/Associations/ . Since virtually all amateur organizations listed in Science/Astronomy/Associations/ do contribute to science, their wholesale inclusion in this category would be redundant; instead, they are included via a symbolic @link. 829 2578 Sites centered upon ATM of Dobsonian telescopes 2577 Amateur Telescope Making software. 813 This category is intended to help astrophotographers learn and refine their techniques for both film and CCD. Sites that mainly present a gallery of astro-images should be placed in Science: Astronomy: Amateur: Astrophotography: Images 2559 Astrophotography is the science and art of recording images of astronomical objects using film, digital cameras or video. The resulting images are beautiful, informative and inspiring. Astronomical imaging is the province primarily of amateurs, using their own equipment and developing their own techniques. Here are links to their image galleries. 830 Web sites for individuals who are new to astronomy, usually providing "how to" watch stars or what equipment is needed, or what to look for in the skies at night. 826 812 820 818 817 811 825 2575 Amateur astronomy groups (clubs, associations, informal gatherings) in Africa. 2568 Amateur astronomy groups (clubs, associations, informal gatherings) in Asia. 2572 2571 Amateur astronomy groups (clubs, associations, informal gatherings) in Europe. 4783 2570 Amateur astronomy groups (clubs, associations, informal gatherings) in North America. 4782 Amateur astronomy groups (clubs, associations, informal gatherings) in Canada. 4781 Amateur astronomy groups (clubs, associations, informal gatherings) in the United States. 2569 Amateur astronomy groups (clubs, associations, informal gatherings) in Oceania. 2574 Amateur astronomy groups (clubs, associations, informal gatherings) in Asia. For sites written in English. 2573 819 824 828 2576 815 816 821 2561 2563 2562 2567 2565 2564 2566 827 Spectroscopy is the technique of obtaining and recording the spectra of light sources. A spectrum is the continuum of colors (as in a rainbow) formed when light is dispersed so that its component wavelengths are arranged in order. 822 814 This category deals with all aspects of owning and using an amateur telescope. It looks at getting the most out of your existing telescope and what accessories might be needed. 2560 This category deals with chat and forum websites that deal with specific brands of telescopes. We also list generalized sites that would be of interest to any telescope owner. 156 Astronomical associations and societies. Genuinely amateur astronomy groups and clubs are listed in Science/Astronomy/Amateur/Organizations/. 152 All commercial sites (which make money by selling something etc.) go to subcategories here. 801 799 Listing of companies that manufacture observing domes, roll-off roofs and observatory buildings. 802 800 804 798 This category lists companies that, for a fee, will bring observing equipment (telescopes etc.) to your site, or will let you use their equipment at their own observatory. Examples of their customers include K-12 classes setting up educational astronomical activities, and individuals wishing to liven up their birthday party with a stargazing/star party event. This category does not include organized star parties! These are listed in Science/Astronomy/Amateur/Star_Parties 803 2555 Links to CCD camera manufacturers. 2556 Astronomy stores and on-line commercial retailers of astronomical equipment. 2554 2557 Manufacturers of Telescopes, Binoculars and Accessories for astronomical applications, whether amateur or professional. 2553 167 848 Sundials are devices for telling time by measuring the position of the shadow of the sun. This category lists websites concerned with the theory of sundials. 170 Cosmology is the scientific study of the structure and origin of the universe as a whole. This category comprises those aspects of cosmology which are primarily of an astronomical or observational nature, as well as sites related to theoretical and numerical studies of the large- scale structure in the universe. Sites related to relativistic cosmology or the physics of the early universe will be found in Science:Physics:Cosmology. 166 847 845 846 155 163 840 Eclipses occur when a planet casts a shadow on a satellite or vice-versa. The term often refers specifically to eclipses of the Sun and Moon, in which case the planet involved is Earth. 2597 2596 This category is for sites about any eclipses which took place in 2001. 2595 2594 839 An occultation is when a solar system body blocks the view of a star other than the Sun. 838 A transit is the apparent passage of a solar system body other than the Moon across the face of the Sun. The only visible transits are those of Mercury and Venus. 153 Science/Astronomy/Education is for educational web sites of interest to educators, parents, students, and professionals emphasizing the teaching or learning of various aspects of astronomy or astrophysics. The best sites will try to teach or instruct about astronomy or astrophysics, although clear, easy-to-follow explanations of topics are useful as well. There are also sites here that talk about educational programs of all levels, including - but not limited to, grade school, college programs, and graduate schools. 171 The search for extrasolar planets is one of the most popular and rapidly developing topics in astronomy today. Taking part in the 'hunt' means being involved in not only the discovery of strange new worlds, but also in finding the answer to one of humanity's most sought-after questions - are we alone in the universe? This category aims to list websites that provide compelling information on the exciting search for small bodies orbiting other stars. 165 The scientific search for life outside the earth. Sites containing material which cannot be scientifically explained, such as ufology, are listed within the category "Society: Paranormal". 844 Exobiology (also called Astrobiology or Xenobiology) is a branch of biology investigating the possibility of extraterrestrial life and studying the possible effects of extraterrestrial environments on life. 841 842 Theory that life exists in space and is distributed through the universe in the form of germs and/or spores. 843 The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Institutes and programs for scientific and educational projects relevant to the nature, distribution, and prevalence of life in the universe. 2599 The Optical Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. OSETI searches for pulsed and continuous visible and infrared spectrums of light, not radio or microwave frequency wavelengths. 2598 SETI@home is the University of California Berkeley's distributed computing project sorting through radio signals to search for extraterrestrial intelligence. 4795 SETI@home users can form "groups": for example, students in a school, or employees of a company. Groups can compete to analyze the most data, or they can meet and discuss SETI via the web. 4796 4793 4794 174 866 865 There are many galaxies like it, but this one is ours; the Milky Way Galaxy, home of the Terran Solar System, is one of several galaxies in the known universe. Sites in this category deal with the observation, character, and composition of the Milky Way. 172 Astronomy is the scientific study of objects and phenomena beyond the earth's atmosphere by means other than visiting them or sending probes. The history of astronomy is the study of the development of astronomy from the earliest written records to somewhere very near the present time. Astrology is not astronomy, but it did play a role in the development of astronomy. Babylonian astrologers' determination of the positions of stars may be found here, their study of the effects of those positions on human affairs will not. The history of the scientific search for extra-terrestrial intelligence may be found here. UFOs visiting earth will not. This category is not limited to Western astronomy. The written history of other astronomical traditions will be listed here. 858 Eclipses, occultations and transits are situations where one astronomical body partly or entirely obscures another one. 861 The development of the equipment and devices used by astronomers. 859 862 Professional and well-known scientists who have worked in the field of astronomy. 2611 2606 Giovanni Cassini was an Italian-born French astronomer who, among others, discovered Cassini's division, the dark gap between the A and B rings of Saturn. Discovered four of Saturn's moons. 2607 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was a creative, prolific genius whose ability to combine mathematical precision with physical insight changed humanity's view of stellar physics. His most famous discovery was that not all stars end up as white dwarf stars, but those retaining mass above a certain limit - today known as "Chandrasekhar's limit," undergo further collapse. (Source: NASA) 2608 2604 2603 German-born Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel moved to England as a musician and composer. He became known as William Herschel and later made a much greater mark as an astronomer. He was knighted in 1817. 2609 2605 Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630. German mathematician remembered for his contributions to astronomy and physics. 2602 Danish astronomer (1644-1710) who demonstrated conclusively that light travels at a finite speed. Also invented the "Meridian Circle" instrument for charting star positions in the sky. 2610 American astronomer and Nobel laureate Carl Sagan was born in Brooklyn, NY on November 9, 1934 and died in Seattle, Wash on December 20, 1996. He is best known as the presenter of the 1980 PBS television series Cosmos; as author of a range of popular science books such as The Demon-Haunted World, Broca's Brain, The Dragons of Eden, and Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors; as a columnist for Parade magazine; and as author of the novel Contact which was also released as a major motion picture. 860 The Sun and its family. 863 Major changes in the scientific view of the scale or structure of the universe, paradigm shifts. 173 864 This category is for sites that focus on photographs of comets. 157 162 Research organizations, academic departments, observatories and planetariums, scientific societies and associations, professional societies, museums, government science establishments. 837 Degree granting Astronomy departments of recognized colleges and universities. 836 2590 Descriptions, proposals, concept studies, etc. for future new observatories 4789 6398 4788 6397 2587 4787 2589 Gravitational waves are predicted by Einstein's theory of relativity. Several experiments are trying to observe them. The two main techniques used are laser interferometer and resonant mass. 2592 4792 4790 4791 2593 2586 2591 2588 835 A planetarium is a place that allows its visitors to experience the wonders of space while still on earth. Shows presented are entertaining, but have an educational aspect as well. 2584 2581 Contains sites for associations or societies in the planetarium community. 2585 A planetarium is a place that allows its visitors to experience the wonders of space while still on earth. Shows presented are entertaining, but have an educational aspect as well. 2582 A planetarium is a place that allows its visitors to experience the wonders of space while still on earth. Shows presented are entertaining, but have an educational aspect as well. 4784 4785 2583 4786 A planetarium is a place that allows its visitors to experience the wonders of space while still on earth. Shows presented are entertaining, but have an educational aspect as well. 2580 Contains sites for products and services in the planetarium industry such as planetarium construction and show production. 2579 A planetarium is a place that allows its visitors to experience the wonders of space while still on earth. Shows presented are entertaining, but have an educational aspect as well. 834 161 832 833 831 150 164 154 Shortcuts to some popular, frequently requested topics in Astronomy and Space that are burried inside the ODP directory structure and might be hard to pin down. Categories that are already listed at the top level of Science: Astronomy are NOT included in this category (they are already easy to find!) 151 794 797 796 795 160 158 Software related to astronomy. This includes desktop planetarium and sky charting software, astronomy databases and observing utilities, simulation software, image processing and data analysis, education and multimedia software, and software reviews. Please note that, even though only software with dedicated web pages is included in this directory, there are many programs (mainly shareware/freeware) that have no web sites dedicated to them and are only available from a number of online software repositories (links to such repositories are included in this directory). 809 Contains links to research-grade web sites, projects and programs related to computational astrophysics. These are typically (though not necessarily) hosted by university research groups. Sites that contain educational or entertainment software related to solar-system and N-body simulators can be found in Science/Astronomy/Software/Space_Simulation. 807 808 810 2558 805 806 175 The Solar System currently consists of the Sun, nine planets, and the many asteroids and comets that also orbit the Sun. 878 Asteroids, comets, and meteors are sometimes called "small bodies" of the Solar System. They are chunks of ice, rock, or metal that are small, at least compared to planets. They are related in several ways, so sites with information about all three are common. 2629 Asteroids are smaller than planets, bigger than meteoroids, and they don't have the tail or fuzzy appearance that a comet does. "Minor planet" is a technical term for asteroid. 2628 Comets are like asteroids, but when they are near the sun they release dust or gas. This gives them a tail or makes them look fuzzy. 4811 Pages in English language related to the Hale-Bopp comet. 4810 Pages in English language dedicated to the Hyakutake comet. 4812 Pages in English language dedicated to Comet Lee, also known under the name C/1999 H1. 2627 A meteor is an event, not just an object. It happens when small pebble (a meteoroid) enters our atmosphere and burns up. Any pieces that reach the ground are called meteorites. Meteoroids are distinguished from asteroids by being too small to cause much damage at ground level, if they were to hit the Earth. 4809 4808 As a meteor burns up in the atmosphere, it leaves a trail which reflects radio waves for a moment. Radio meteor observers listen for signals briefly reflected off of meteor trails. 2626 Near Earth Objects (NEOs) are asteroids or comets that come relatively close to earth. They are of special interest because of the collision hazard they pose to Earth. Meteors, while certianly close to Earth, are generally not considered NEOs. 4807 Asteroid discoveries that seemed - at first, anyway - alarming. 4806 These observatories are dedicated almost exclusively to near Earth objects. Some conduct automated searches for new NEOs. 2625 These are ordinary optical observatories, except researchers at these observatories concentrate almost exclusively on asteroids and comets. 880 Conferences, conventions, meetings, and workshops on solar system science. 871 2617 4797 This category is for sites that focus on photographs of the moon. 4798 This category is for sites featuring astronomical information about the Moon's phases and their observation, as well as charts or programs for calculating the phase of the Moon. 873 Jupiter is the 5th planet out from the sun and is the largest planet in the solar system. Sites in this category deal with this planet, its magnetic field, and its system of rings and moons. 2623 Sites dealing with Jupiter's 17 natural satellites. The main satellites are the Galilean satellites: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto 4802 Callisto is the 8th moon out from Jupiter and is the second largest moon of Jupiter. Callisto is convered with craters, but there appears to be something resurfacing small craters. Callisto is believed to have a water ice ocean much like Europa, except under a thicker outer shell. 4804 Europa is the 6th moon out from Jupiter and is the smallest Galilean satellite. Its is covered in a water ice shell, underneath which may be a liquid water ocean. In that ocean may exist life. 4803 Ganymede is the 6th moon out from Jupiter and is the largest moon in the solar system. Ganymede is crisscrossed by belts of grovved terrain seperating dark, heavily cratered terrain. 4801 Images and information related to Jupiter's moon Himalia 4805 Io is the 5th moon out from Jupiter and is known for its extreme volcanism. Io surface consists of large volcanoes, tall mountains, and plains covered in sulfur dioxide frost 2622 868 The Kuiper Belt is a disk-shaped region past the orbit of Neptune roughly 30 to 100 AU from the Sun containing many small icy bodies. It is now considered to be the source of the short-period comets. 872 Mars is the 4th planet out from the sun. Sites in this category deal with this planet, and its moons. 2618 2621 2620 Life on Mars is a category devoted to speculative or scientific investigation of the possibility of life on Mars. 2619 4800 4799 869 Mercury is the closest planet from the Sun. 875 879 The Oort cloud is a spherical cloud surrounding the planetary system, and is considered the edge of the Sun's orb of physical, gravitational, or dynamical influence. 877 2624 Sites about Pluto being called a planet. 874 867 2616 Aurora is the optical manifestation of energetic particles that penetrate a planet's atmosphere from the space above the atmosphere. Aurora occurs on both hemispheres on Earth at high latitudes, but is also found on other planets. 2614 2615 2613 Sun-Earth interaction is manifested in solar radiation interacting with Earth's upper atmosphere, and solar wind which interacts with the Earth's magnetic field and Earth's plasma environment. Sun-Earth interaction leads to space weather. It includes studies of the sun, the solar atmosphere, the solar wind, the geospace environment, and the upper atmosphere. A spectacular example of Sun-Earth interaction is the aurora. 2612 876 870 168 849 2600 2601 850 169 "Welcome to the Astronomy:Stars category. Here you will find only the best sites regarding astronomical research, introductory star science, pulsars, quasars, various forms of dwarf stars and more. We hope you find the category both relevant and informative. Enjoy!" teejay knight (editor) 855 852 851 How stars get their names, and how they don't. 857 853 854 Evolution of stars, stages include: gas clouds, protostars, stages of burning hydrogen, helium, etc., white and brown dwarfs, red giants, supernovae, neutron stars, black holes. 856 Variable Stars are stars that change brightness. Their brightness can change from just a fraction (not even noticeable to the naked eye) up to 20 magnitudes. To get an idea of how much a magnitudes is, consider that the difference between brightest star one can see outside at night (in a fairly dark area) and the dimmest is about 6 magnitude. Over 300,000 variable stars are known and have been cataloged. 11 48 Biology = Life Sciences Some of the major fields in the life sciences include botany, zoology, microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, ecology. Some areas of biology are closely aligned to medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 305 328 Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics and Proteomics. 1757 This category links organizations which themselves do not conduct scientific research, but aim to spread information about research results in the field of biochemistry and molecular biology. These associations organize meetings, provide research grants and other activities for scientists in the field. Any scientist active in the field should be able to become member of such an organization. 3685 This category is aimed to list organizations which themselves do not conduct scientific research, but aim to spread information about research results in the field of biochemistry. These organizations organize meetings, provide research grants for scientists in the field and other activities for the promotion of biochemistry. Any scientist active in the field should be able to become member of such an organization, and this is regarded as a major criterium for selection of the sites listed in this category 3686 This category is aimed to list organizations which themselves do not conduct scientific research, but aim to spread information about research results in the field of biochemistry. These organizations organize meetings, provide research grants for scientists in the field and other activities for the promotion of biochemistry. Any scientist active in the field should be able to become member of such an organization, and this is regarded as a major criterium for selection of the sites listed in this category 3689 This category is aimed to list organizations which themselves do not conduct scientific research, but aim to spread information about research results in the field of biochemistry. These organizations organize meetings, provide research grants for scientists in the field and other activities for the promotion of biochemistry. Any scientist active in the field should be able to become member of such an organization, and this is regarded as a major criterium for selection of the sites listed in this category 3688 This category is aimed to list organizations which themselves do not conduct scientific research, but aim to spread information about research results in the field of biochemistry. These organizations organize meetings, provide research grants for scientists in the field and other activities for the promotion of biochemistry. Any scientist active in the field should be able to become member of such an organization, and this is regarded as a major criterium for selection of the sites listed in this category 3690 This category is aimed to list organizations which themselves do not conduct scientific research, but aim to spread information about research results in the field of biochemistry. These organizations organize meetings, provide research grants for scientists in the field and other activities for the promotion of biochemistry. Any scientist active in the field should be able to become member of such an organization, and this is regarded as a major criterium for selection of the sites listed in this category 3687 This category is aimed to list organizations which themselves do not conduct scientific research, but aim to spread information about research results in the field of biochemistry. These organizations organize meetings, provide research grants for scientists in the field and other activities for the promotion of biochemistry. Any scientist active in the field should be able to become member of such an organization, and this is regarded as a major criterium for selection of the sites listed in this category 1753 This category classifies sites according to the molecules of primary interest. These molecules differ from Organic Chemicals in that they were discovered from their synthesis within living cells. Originally these would be extracted from plants or animals. Many biomolecules can now be produced synthetically from simple chemicals; sugars, amino acids, steroids or drugs that mimic their effects. More often the term biomolecule, applies to macromolecules which are polymers of sugars: oligosaccharides amino acids: peptides and proteins nucleotides: oligonucleotides, DNA and RNA Sites primarily covering translocation of DNA and translation of RNA, may be found in Gene_Expression For sites on the role of cyclic nucleotides and phosphoinositols in their biochemical role, see Signal_Transduction Steroids and Prostaglandins are currently included in Carbohydrates_and_Lipids. 3669 3668 Sites which describe the three dimensional structure of oligonucleotides, such as Ribonucleic acids RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid DNA in their natural state and in interactions with other molecules. 5327 5328 3667 This category deals with cytobiology; protein interactions at the cellular level, such as cytoplasm or organelles in contrast to those at the nuclear level, which are dealt with in Gene Expression. The established pathways, also known as Enzymology, are currently dealt with in the Metabolic_Pathways category However, structural aspects are included in Proteins and Enzymes: Structure. where there are also links to the enzymes of transcription and translocation. Intracellular events related to cytoplasm or membrane are contained in this category, including signalling mechanisms and second messengers, but intercellular interactions should be found in Cell_Biology, or perhaps Developmental_Biology. Biochemical events between organs should be found in Physiology, or perhaps Endocrinology. 5323 5324 7361 Sites representing the manufacture of proteins that have been derived from genetically modified organisms, or from cell-free expression systems. In general this refers to all sequences in excess of those that can be manufactured from constituent Amino_Acids, and in quantities exceeding those generated by chemical means alone; Peptide Synthesis. Sites in this category may offer research and development at the level of genetic modification of a host cell, through pilot scale production and purification, to marketing scale. 7360 Sites for laboratories that offer specific technique-based services, involving the identification and/or quantification of proteins, to the scientific community for a fee. 5326 Study of the protein constitution of a cell or organelle expressed by the genome, but which changes during development and in response to environment over time. 7366 Consortiums, Societies and Associations 7369 7364 7367 Category to list sites whose primary purpose is to promote their business 10652 Sites emphasizing the capability to collaborate in long-term proteomics projects, using in-house laboratory facilities. 10651 Sites for instrumentation and applications supported by instrument manufacturers, who have targeted Proteomics, and produced Proteomics-specific products. 10650 Sites for suppliers of consumables, with specific applications in Proteomics. (Duplicate submissions risk deletion). 10653 Sites offering analytical services on submitted samples, to identify and determine relative concentrations and bioactive status of proteins expressed in biological samples. 7365 Proteomics Journals 7368 Proteomics laboratories, facilities and centers 7363 5325 This category includes sites that relate to the details and methods for determining the structure of proteins. 7362 Sites about laboratory researchers, primarily concerned with elucidating the molecular structure of proteins. 3666 3670 1759 1763 This category includes resources for the teaching and learning of biochemistry as a whole, for teachers, students and the general public. 3697 3698 3699 5344 1754 Includes sites related to processes of the Central Dogma of Genetics: transcriotion to mRNA, mRNA splicing, translation to polypeptides, modification of the resulting polypeptides by specific proteolysis and conjugation to carbohydrates, lipids and prosthetic groups. Also includes control of the processes: pre-transcriptional by factors controlling transcription to mRNA and post-transcriptional control by RNA interference (iRNA). A separate sub-category includes sites related to viral reverse transcription. 3673 Databases on the expression of genes in mRNA and proteins. 3676 Sites offering supplies and services for research in processes of the Central Dogma of Genetics: transcription to mRNA, mRNA splicing, translation to polypeptides, modification of the resulting polypeptides by specific proteolysis and conjugation to carbohydrates, lipids and prosthetic groups, control of the processes. A separate sub-category includes sites related to viral reverse transcription including supply and services in this field. 5331 5330 Laboratories that offer testing in the gene expression field on a commercial basis. 3672 5329 Category to list sites whose primary purpose is to promote their business centered on RNA Interference. 3675 Academic and commercial teams producing web sites of their work on translation of RNA to proteins, their scientific significance and clinical or biotechnological applications. 3671 Retrovirus contain RNS strings carrying their genetic code and reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that allows the code of the RNA to be translated to DNA in the cell cytoplasm. The DNA strings are transported into the cell nucleus and inserted in the cellular DNA to form part of the cellular gene set-up. The normal cellular mechanisms and components are used to replicate the viral genes, convert them to RNA strings, synthetize the other components required by the intact virus and to set the virus free. The reverse transcription of the RNA string by reverse transcriptase is thus the first step in retroviral gene expression. 3674 Sites offering or presenting software to be used in research on the processes related to the central dogma of molecular biology: transcription from DNA to mRNA, splicing, translation to polypeptides, processing of the polypeptides (specific proteolysis, conjugation to carbohydrates, lipids and prosthetic groups) and the control mechanisms involved. 1760 3692 5338 5336 5337 3691 1758 Conferences featuring Biochemical related topics or topics of interest to those in the biomedical field. 1761 3693 The chemical kinetics surrounding the operation of enzymes, or (mostly) protein molecules that act as catalysts for physiological reactions. 3694 Sites maintained by academic researchers, group leaders and those providing technology for the commercial exploitaion of both anabolic and catabolic processes. 1762 3696 To include Macroarrays [>300µm] and Microarrays [<200µm] for the base pairing or hybridization for gene identification or expression levels as immobilized oligonucleotides [<100bases] or longer cDNA fragments. 3695 Polymerase Chain Reaction Techniques used for replication of a single strand of DNA to provide sufficient quantity for other applications. 5342 Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) are polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based markers for the rapid screening of genetic diversity. 5340 Includes PCR on the place of growth of both microorganisms and cells and in situ PCR techniques. 5339 In this category, various techniques are listed, where the RNA sequence is converted to DNA by reverse transcription, followed by amplification by PCR. 5341 In Real Time or Kinetic PCR, the amount of amplion is determined in each step of the amplification by the use of a fluorescent reporter group. 5343 Descriptions and offers of software directly related to PCR. 1764 Individuals who maintain their own web site to promote their research within the fields of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Molecular Genetics and Proteomics. 1756 Instruments and Supplies for the Biochemistry field. 3681 3684 Sites primarily describing equipment designed for molecular biology research, rather than those involving intact cells, tissues or living organisms. 3683 Supplies specifically for miniaturized techniques, such as the technology associated with microfabrication and microarrays for Molecular Biology and Proteomics. Companies that supply these, amongst other products, but which do not have pages dedicated to their use may be found in the categories above. Examples of their use may be found in the Arrays category. 3682 Category focusing on sites specializing in development, manufacture, distribution of chemicals and biological extracts used in research, and clinical diagnostics. 3680 Labs that offer specific technique-based services to the scientific community, usually for a fee. 1755 This category is for websites dealing with biochemistry-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3678 Electronic books in the field of biochemistry or molecular biology 3679 This category contains links to the homepage of scientific journals in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. The sites of the journals listed here only contain information how to subscribe to them, or information for authors wishing to publish in these journals. 5333 This category contains links to the table of contents of scientific journals in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. The table of contents of these journals also contains a link to the abstract of the listed articles. An abstract gives a short description of the actual article. 5335 5332 This category contains links to the table of contents of scientific journals in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. The table of contents of these journals also contains a link to the fulltext of the listed articles. Fulltext means that you actually can read the articles which appeared in this journal. However, access to fulltext is regularly restricted by userid and password or by ip-address of the computer from which you are surfing the internet. 7395 7391 7390 7389 7388 7387 7386 7394 7384 7383 7393 7381 7380 7392 7385 7377 7382 7375 7374 7373 7379 7378 7376 7372 7371 7370 5334 This category contains links to the table of contents of scientific journals in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology. The table of contents lists the title, the authors and the starting page of articles which appeared in issues of the scientific journal. 3677 Regular publications with articles on matters of general scientific interest, letters, book reviews and information relating to the conferences run by a scientific society, as well as news about the society and other news of interest to biochemistry-scientists. 1765 313 Bioinformatics is broadly defined as the use of computers to analyse biological information. The most common form of bioinformatics is studying the vast amounts of DNA and protein sequence that are now available. However, there are many other possible applications of computers in biology, such as simulating populations, analysing experimental gels and storing information about the phenotypes of mutant organisms. 1592 3542 Companies or organizations that do not sell software. They provide a package of proprietary technology and services that aid in discovering disease and/or gene targets. 3541 Provide diagnostic equipment, aids, instrumentation that aid in the discovery process. 3543 Organizations or companies that primarily provide services in the bioinformatics arena. 1585 1594 This category is for resources on the role of bioinformatics in education. It is not only about teaching bioinformatics per se, but also about the ways that advances in bioinformatics are changing the whole field of biology, and consequently the teaching and learning of all apsects of biology and life sciences, health sciences, agriculture, environmental sciences, and related fields. 3545 1588 1587 Hardware customised or configured *specifically* for bioinformatics use. 1586 Legal and ethical aspects of bioinformatics. 1591 With the explosion in the amount of DNA and protein sequence available, many organizations offer web-based access to programs which process this information in some way. This category entails the many different services that are open for use by private or public organizations for the purpose of biological computation or services (i.e. informative bioinformatics databases). 3535 Databases which contain information at a level above the individual organism: biodiversity, interactions within or between species etc. 3534 This category is intended for online tools that deal with gene expression and regulation analysis. For anything outside this description, please refer to http://dmoz.org/Science/Biology/Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology/Gene_Expression/ 3537 Online databases containing complete or partial genomes of particular species. 3538 This category is for online services which use algorithms to find genes or proteins homologous to input DNA or amino acid sequences. The most common algorithms used are based on a method called BLAST. 3539 This category is for bioinformatics Tools that aid in the preparation or analysis of molecular biology methods. 3540 This category is for online tools that aid in the phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of nucleotide and protein sequences. 3536 Online services which provide some sort of analysis of protein structure or sequence. 1589 This category is for websites dealing with bioinformatics-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3533 For bioinformatics journals, both online and print-based. 1590 Homepages of academic research groups engaged in research in bioinformatics - using computers to process biological information. 1593 This category is for sites about stand-alone computer programs which process biological information such as genetic sequences. 3544 For sites that offer resources for developing bioinformatics software, such as APIs, libraries, etc. etc. 318 1638 1636 1635 1637 309 Biophysics is the application of physical principles, both classical and modern, to problems involving biological systems. 1541 Publication lists and journals on the subject of biophysics. 1542 3474 Students and professionals involved in biophysics related research. 294 Biotechnology uses living organisms to create products that benefit mankind, such as foods, drugs, and waste recycling. 1499 Sites and links to categories of scientific interest in both growing plants and producing food from livestock, which has involved genetic manipulation (GM), or other modification of natural sources, to aid agricultural or food production. 3434 Sites and links to categories where the focus of the scientific products and services is directed towards developments in food and its products, by modification of existing practices with the aid of biotechnology. 5112 Sites for companies that perform primarily established procedures that require commitment of a period of months or years, for a series of experiments, agreed by contract, for researchers, laboratories, institutes or companies in the areas of cloning or other genetic-engineering services, directed at new strains for seeds and food products, or genetically modified (GM) variants of organisms used at source, or in the production process. 5113 Analytical laboratories specializing in the detection and characterization of seeds and food products for the presence of genetically modified (GM) variants of organisms used at source, or in the production process. 1500 1502 1509 Includes colleges, universities and other institutions that offer courses in biotechnology, as well as online tutorials. 3448 Sites representing biotechnology departments of colleges and universities, subdivisions of colleges and universities or other faculties in institutions financed by providing education in biotechnology. 3447 1507 3446 1505 3440 Includes listings or searchable databases of biotechnology meetings. 1503 1501 3437 Sites for individuals and companies that include scientific advice for biotechnological innovation. 3436 Sites for companies that perform primarily established procedures that require commitment of a period of months or years, for a series of experiments, agreed by contract, for researchers, laboratories, institutes or companies in the areas of cloning, pilot scale production, and a combination of scientific and engineering services not available through Cell Biology or Molecular Biology alone. 3435 Sites describing technologically innovative equipment designed to facilitate cloning, growth and culture in vitro, including harvesting of secreted proteins or GM products, which are not exclusively for Cell Biology or Molecular Biology. 3438 Sites for companies or core facilities in universities that have established procedures in place to perform tests on submitted samples, validate lines for culture or fermentation, identify, assay, analyze products of downstream processing, or aid research in biotechnological projects. 1504 This category is for websites dealing with biotechnology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3439 This category contains links to publications (journals, magazines, bulletins) intended for professionals in the fields of Biotechnology. 1508 This category includes glossaries and other quick sources of information about general biotechnology topics. 1506 3442 3443 3445 3441 Sites for scientific journals on the subject of stem cells, and their applications. 3444 321 1660 1658 1670 Bryology is the scientific study of Bryophytes - mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. 3613 3612 1669 3610 3611 1663 1665 This category is for links to any campus or department related to Botany or Plant Sciences. Also, research institutes, labs, etc, which belong to that departments are welcome here too. 3604 1666 Ethnobotany is the study of plants as they relate to or are used by specific cultures. Examples may include use as food or medicine, or for spiritual or agricultural purposes. 1659 1667 Plant fossils and the evolution of plants. 3609 3607 3608 Palynology is the study of Pollen and Spores. 3605 3606 5287 The earliest known vascular plants. 1655 1662 1661 3597 This category is for listings of professional societies and organizations dedicated to the study of Plant Pathology. 3590 3595 Conferences, meetings and workshops featuring Plant Pathology related topics of interest to plant pathologists. Past conferences are included if they contain useful information, such as abstracts of papers offered or list of attendees. 3594 3593 3596 This category is for websites dealing with plant pathology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 5284 Books are intended for plant pathologists and deal with any scope of plant pathology. 5283 5285 Journals are intended for plant pathologists and publish reports of new and significant research dealing with plant pathology. 3591 3592 1664 Physiology is concerned with the functioning of plants. This is largely interactions between plants and their environments. As such plant physiology bridges the gap between biochemistry and ecology. 3600 A category for sites of professional associations whose aim is to promote plant physiology. 3602 This category contains sites for plant physiology conferences. Both past and yet to be held. 3601 This category contains sites which give details of plant physiology courses around the world. 3598 Sites of companies or individuals related to instrumentation for plant physiology. 3599 Sites which pertain to specific publications about plant physiology. 5286 Professional journals that specialize in plant physiology. 3603 Institutions and laboratories specialising in plant physiology. 1654 This category is for websites dealing with botany-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3589 This category contains links to online journals related to Botany and Plants. Also, directory services for finding these kind of journals are welcome here too. 1657 1668 1656 Sites providing information on the propagation of plants by cloning of small pieces of tissue, to generate whole plants, using growth medium, for subsequent transfer to nurseries or agricultural use, also known as micropropagation. . 306 Cell biology lies at the center of the biological sciences, constituting the bridge between the sub-cellular, molecular levels of organization and the super-cellular, tissue-based and organismal levels. Historically, cell biology has relied upon biochemical and biophysical methods, microscopy, cell manipulation and pharmacological intervention for its progress. However, with the advent of modern techniques in molecular genetics and recombinant DNA technology, cell biology has become more closely allied to the fields of molecular and developmental biology and genetics. Much recent progress in cell biology also derives from discovery of new chemical compounds with effects on cellular processes. Furthermore, cell biology is at the heart of research on cancer, and as the understanding of the cell grows, cell biology has emerged as an important discipline in the biomedical sciences and medicine. 1531 1530 1528 1532 1537 1533 1529 1538 1539 1535 3472 Cells culture is an important field of cell biology for the study of cell physiology, life cycle and apoptosis (in cancer research for example). Cell culture techniques are also used for protein expression in the biotechnology domain, in gene therapy studies, in molecular biology, and for tissue engineering. 3473 1525 3469 3470 Ribosomes are cytoplasmic organelles common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They comprise of proteins and ribosomal ribonucleic acid complex subunits. They primarily serve to translate messenger RNA to protein within the cytoplasm. 1536 Professional and scientific organizations, societies, and institutions related to Cell Biology. (See also the description of Cell Biology). 1526 1524 Sites primarily describing technology designed as a result of research in this field, for equipment, prototypes, new materials. Also companies offering expertise in this field, perhaps as subcategories including Consulting, Contract_Services and Analytical_Laboratories. 3465 Sites for companies that perform primarily established procedures that require commitment of a period of months or years, for a series of experiments, agreed by contract, for researchers, laboratories, institutes or companies in the area of Cell Biology. 3468 Sites describing technologically innovative equipment designed to explore whole cells; their growth and culture in vitro, including harvesting of secreted proteins or GM products. 3467 3466 1527 This category is for websites dealing with cell biology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3471 This page contains a list of scientific journals that publish original research in the area of cell biology. Because many fields in Life Sciences are overlapping, some journals might be found in the JOURNALS sections of the other catgories (see for example Biochemistry, Biotechnology or Immunology). 1534 327 Cryobiology is the study of extremely cold temperatures on biological systems, from whole animals and plants to organs and individual cells. In this section we also include companies which research and store frozen tissue for transplant and other uses. 1752 "Cryonics" is an experimental procedure whereby patients who can no longer be kept alive with today's medical abilities are preserved at low temperature for treatment in the future. The media think of this as "freezing people," but the field is more complex than that. Cryonics is not the same as "cryogenics," a more general term referring to a branch of physics and engineering concerned with the production of very low temperatures (e.g. by producing and storing liquid nitrogen, helium, and oxygen). See the link for "Cryotechnology." Also included here are a few sites about "nanotechnology," a new field concerned with the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Cryonics researchers assume that some form of nanotechnology may be required to revive the patients preserved by cryonics techniques. stevebridge 07/21/00 3662 3665 Humorous, satiric, or "oddball" sites related to cryonics. The main page contains sites with more serious information. 3664 3663 This category holds links to futuristic websites of interest to cryonicists, such as: life extension, transhumanism (the future of humanity), space travel, and other forward-looking topics. 1750 The technology of freezing sperm and ova (eggs) is often used to provide donor sperm or eggs for the treatment of infertility, although people often choose to store their own sperm, eggs, or fertilized embryos as a backup in case they should want to produce children in the future. 1751 1749 Cryopreservation of umbilical cord blood stem cells, harvested at the birth of a child. This provides an exact match for children in the event they need a bone marrow transplant as a part of a treatment for diseases like leukemia. Recent research has shown that other family members needing bone marrow transplants may also benefit from stored cord blood stem cells. 315 The development of an organism or tissue from an egg, seed, spore or other type of progenitor cell is the subject of developmental biology. Developmental biology encompasses the field of embryology - the study of the embryo - and touches upon a number of other disciplines, including cell and molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry. Most research in developmental biology focuses on model biological systems for which powerful tools of manipulation exist, each offering its own advantages. Modern molecular studies on model systems have revealed a remarkable degree of conservation of genes and proteins involved in development between even distantly related organisms, contributing to a new awareness of the relatedness of all species. Research in developmental biology has contributed immensely to our understanding of hereditary diseases affecting human development, and the promise of better treatments or cures for human diseases based on basic research in other species is very exciting. 1601 1603 1607 This category includes resources for the teaching and learning of developmental biology, for teachers, advanced students and the general public. 1606 3558 3559 Sites maintained by teams working on development and growth, at molecular, genetic, cellular and anatomical levels. 1602 1605 3552 3553 3555 3554 3556 3557 3551 1604 This category is for websites dealing with developmental biology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3550 301 322 Ecology is a branch of science dealing with the interrelationships of organisms with one another and with their nonliving environment. These relationships include physiological responses of individuals, structure and dynamics of populations, interactions among species, organization of biological communities, and processing of energy and matter in ecosystems. 1693 3638 3640 3636 Individuals and organizations offering consultancy services in any field of aquatic ecology research, training or management. Scope is global 3641 5298 3644 5305 3642 The science of fisheries and their management. 5299 5302 5303 Individuals and organizations offering consultancy services in any field of fisheris research, training or management. Scope is global 5301 7356 7358 7359 10649 10648 7357 5300 3635 3637 5296 Descriptions of, research on, and biological conservation of coral reef ecosystems. 7355 Scientific aspects of coral reef restoration. 5297 3643 5304 3639 1671 1687 Biogeography is the study of the distribution of plants and animals through space and time. 1691 1689 Individuals and organizations offering consultancy services in any field of ecological research, training or management. Scope is global 1683 1672 An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit. This ODP category is for web sites related to particular ecosystems, such as forests, rain forests, tundra, prairies, and deserts. 3619 3616 3617 5291 5289 Information on the Nami Desert in Namibia and Angola. 5290 5292 Information on the Sonoran Desert in Arizona and Mexico 3620 Forest Ecology is the study of the relationships, in an environment dominated by trees, between the populations of plants, animals and microorganisms that are occupying this area, and the environment itself. Forested Ecosystems are communities of plants, animals and microorganisms, and the physical environment they occupy, in which trees are the dominant life form. This dominance by trees is important because it produces vertical stratification, in terms of livable space and micro-climate of that space. This vertical stratification distinguishes forested ecosystems from other ecosystem classifications. On a time scale, forested ecosystems are an ever-changing assemblage of species, dominated by trees, shaped by climate and other physical processes. On a spatial scale, forested ecosystems can be comparable to the "stand" or group of trees that are reasonably similar in age, structure and species composition, which occupy a contiguous space. 5294 The study of the interrelationships among living things and their environment in the upper strata of forests. 7353 Information about methods of accessing forest canopies as well as facilities that offer access. 10647 Information about canopy access using cranes. 10645 Information about canopy access using rafts, lightweight structures that can be lowered onto the treetops. 10646 Canopy access via aerial walkway systems which may include both platforms and bridges. 7354 People doing forest canopy research. 3614 5288 3615 3618 Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres. 5293 Sites relating to areas with a naturally accumulated peat layer at the surface. 1684 According to that quoted in http://www.bio.hw.ac.uk/edintox/enviro.htm (a cool site): Environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology are terms used to describe the scientific study of the adverse effects on living organisms that chemicals can have when released into the natural environment. There is a tendency to apply the term "environmental toxicology" only to the study of direct effects of environmental chemicals on human beings and the term "ecotoxicology" only to the study of the effects of chemicals on ecosystems and their nonhuman components. 3625 3627 3626 Information about Congress, Meetings and Workshops in Ecotoxicology and related fields 3631 3630 3629 5295 3628 Radioecology is a scientific discipline that studies all aspects of the environmental impact of radioactive substances, from human radioprotection to ecological risk assessment, in relation to natural and man made pollution and waste 1674 3622 3621 1676 1678 1675 Landscape ecology is the study of interacting ecosystems within a heterogeneous, or varied, environment with a spatial scale of several kilometers. Landscape ecologists incorporate knowledge from multiple disciplines, including ecology and geology, to better understand the structure, function, and dynamics of interacting ecosystems, and to develop sustainable land-use management practices. 1692 1685 Molecular Ecology combines the theories of ecology and evolution with the tools of molecular biology and genetics. 1679 This category is for personal pages about ecology by ecological scientists. 1681 1682 1686 3632 1690 3634 The Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network is an international collaborative effort involving more than 1100 scientists and students investigating ecological processes operating at long time scales and over broad spatial scales. 1688 3633 Individuals and firms providing expert advice, services, and native plant materials for ecosystems restoration. 1673 1677 1680 Wildlife generally means non-domesticated animals that are large enough to see. It does not usually include microfauna or ranched animals. Adapting the definition used by the ODP, Wildlife Ecology is a branch of science dealing with the interrelationships of wildlife with their own species and other animals, and with their nonliving environment. These relationships include physiological responses of individuals, structure and dynamics of populations, interactions among species, organization of biological communities, and processing of energy and matter in ecosystems. However, as a science, Wildlife Ecology generally excludes fish and fisheries. Fisheries Ecology has developed its own tradition and methodology. The distinction of course is a convention. Wildlife Management is included here because in practice, management is generally (though not invariably) based on ecological principles and knowledge. However it often incorporates an additional component of human interaction: it has been described as "a triad that includes habitat, people, and animals, and the interactions that occur between them" (See also: http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whc/Krausman.html. 3624 Individuals and organizations offering consultancy services in any field of wildlife research, training or management. Scope is global 3623 320 1653 1648 1649 1647 Sites created by teachers or groups of teachers with the intention of helping their students complete projects or otherwise learn biology. Mainly these will be geared towards high school students. 1652 1646 Opportunities for students (high school or undergraduate) to participate in ongoing research will be listed. 1651 3588 Lessons and labs for use by Biology teachers. 1650 302 326 Biological evolution through domestication, mutation and natural selection as initially presented by Charles Darwin. Sites about other views on origins of life, cosmic evolution, geological evolution and social evolution can be found in the relevant ODP categories. 1748 1746 1747 3660 In 1960 the marine biologist Sir Alister Hardy published a paper proposing what is known to be the Aquatic Ape Theory (ATT) about human evoulution. 3661 The Multiregional Continuity Model of human evolution contends that after Homo erectus left Africa and dispersed into other portions of the Old World, regional populations slowly evolved into modern humans. This theory contrasts with the Out of Africa Model, which asserts that modern humans evolved relatively recently in Africa, migrated into Eurasia and replaced all populations which had descended from Homo erectus. 1744 1743 This category is for websites dealing with evolution-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3659 1745 Software that can be used to predict and describe evolution 312 Top level subcategories are: five Kingdoms plus Viruses. The structure is organized according to a taxonomy tree. Some subtaxons and taxon levels are intentionally omitted for: 1) escaping from "unstable" taxons; 2) ease in navigation; 3) convenience in editing. 1578 1583 Kingdom Animalia Subcategories are organized according to the taxon tree: - Phylum -- Class --- Order ---- Family ----- Genus ------ Species Not all taxonomic branches are fully developed. 3514 The acanthocephalans include about 1150 species, all of them parasitic. They have elongate, dorso-ventrally flattened forms, ranging from 2mm to approximately 1 metre in length. The most characteristic feature of this phylum is a spiny proboscis which can be everted to act as an attachment organ. 3503 This category is for sites about the acoelomate phyla, the most important of which is the Phylum Platyhelminthes. Other phyla included are Nemertina, Orthonectida, Rhombozoa and Gnathostomulida. 3496 Scientific information about the segmented worms, including earthworms, polychaete worms, and leeches. 5186 This class includes the leeches. 5188 5187 5189 3508 This category is for sites devoted to the largest of all animal phyla, Phylum Arthropoda. This phylum includes the insects, spiders, mites and ticks, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, isopods, and trilobites. 5205 7286 This category is for websites about the biology of spiders. 10628 These are the funnel-web weaving spiders. 11421 This is a genus of funnel-web spider. 11420 10624 These are the orb-web or wheel-web weaving spiders. 11416 Genus of orb-web spider. 11417 Genus of orb-web spiders. 10625 Family of spiders that includes the brown recluse. 10623 Jumping spiders. Distinguished from other spiders by the four large eyes on the face and four smaller eyes on top of the head. More than 5000 species worldwide. 10626 Family of giant, hairy mygalomorph spiders commonly but erroneously known as tarantulas. 10627 These are the cobweb-weaving spiders. 11419 The genus of cobweb-weaving spiders that includes the common house spider. 11418 7285 Harvestmen, daddy-longlegs. 7283 Tiny (less than 5 mm in length) arachnids resembling scorpions, but with no stinger. 7284 7287 Sun-spiders. 7288 Biology of Acari or Acarina, the taxonomic grouping that includes ticks and mites. This group is the most diverse and abundant of the arachnids. There are three major lineages - the Opilioacariformes, Acariformes and Parasitiformes - with more than 45,000 species worldwide. 10629 "Mite" refers to all members of the Acari/Acarina that are not called ticks. There are at least 45,000 species worldwide in three major lineages - Opilioacariformes, Acariformes, and Parasitiformes. 10630 Ticks are blood-feeding external parasites of animals. There are about 850 species worldwide in two families, Ixodidae (hard ticks), and Argasidae (soft ticks). Both hard and soft ticks are important vectors of disease in humans and other animals. 5201 5200 7254 Group including the Anostraca (brine shrimps, fairy shrimps), Notostraca (shield shrimps), and Diplostraca (water fleas). 10602 7257 For websites about the biology of barnacles. 7256 7253 Class containing the Decapoda (crabs, crayfish, lobsters, shrimp), Peracarida (amphipods, isopods, mysids), Euphausiacea (krill), Phyllocarida (sea fleas), Stomatopoda (mantis shrimp), and others. 10601 10599 This subcategory of Crustacea is for websites with zoological content about prawns, shrimps, hermit crabs, crayfish, lobsters, true crabs, spiny lobsters and other members of the Decapoda. 10600 10598 Stomatopods (mantis shrimps) are predatory crustaceans that live in the shallow waters of tropical and subtropical seas. 7255 Crustacean group in the class Maxillopoda. 5204 5203 7272 The jumping bristletails, small wingless insects similar to the silverfish (Thysanura). 7278 7271 10611 Metallic wood-boring beetles, jewel beetles, flatheaded borers. 10616 10613 Longhorn beetles. 10617 11405 11404 10618 11408 11407 11406 10614 Weevils. 10612 Fireflies/lightning-bugs/glowworms. 10615 Stag beetles. 10619 10610 Rove beetles. 7259 Wingless insects known as springtails. 7268 7277 Diplurans are small, eyeless, primitive insects found in damp places in the soil, under logs, and in similar places. 7264 The true flies, including many familiar and economically important insects such as mosquitoes, black flies, midges, fruit flies, blow flies and house flies. 10605 Culicidae 7276 This subcategory is for websites about mayflies. 7273 7267 Bugs, coccids, cicadas, leafhoppers, etc. 10607 For websites about the true bugs, including bedbugs, stink bugs, assassin bugs, and squash bugs. 10606 Includes aphids, cicadas, scale insects, leafhoppers, treehoppers, whiteflies, spittlebugs, mealybugs, and others. 11386 11385 11387 This category holds sites related to the cicadia. 11557 Magicicada are periodical cicadas found in eastern North America. Four species have 13-year life cycles, three species have 17-year life cycles. 11388 Membracidae are plant hoppers and are commonly known as treehoppers. 7275 This directory is for the Order Hymenoptera, frequently referred to as "eusocial insects", which includes most ants, bees, wasps and sawflies. This category is for specific resources about the Order, sites on individual insects are in one of the subcategories; namely Ants, Bees, or Wasps. 10622 10621 11410 A genus of solitary miner or mining bees. 11415 The genus Apis includes the social hive building honeybees, including the domesticated honeybees, and the giant and little honeybees of south and southeast Asia. 11577 11413 The genus Bombus is a group of bumble bees, and consist of social honey gathering and storing insects of the northern hemisphere. 11411 A genus of leaf-cutting bees. 11412 A genus of solitary bees (the mason bees). 11414 11409 Genus of the solitary bees commonly known as carpenter bees. 10620 7269 10609 11400 Skippers 11572 This subfamily includes the grass skippers. 11570 This subfamily includes the giant-skippers. 11571 This subfamily includes the spread-wing skippers. 11398 Gossamer-wing Butterflies 11561 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Coppers. 11558 This subfamily of butterflies includes the harvesters. 11560 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Blues and relatives. 11559 This subfamily includes hairstreaks, elfins, and relatives. 11399 Brush-footed Butterflies 11568 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Emperors. 11563 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Leafwings. 11562 Includes the Monarch (Danaus plexippus) and Queen (Danaus gilippus). 11569 This subfamily of butterflies includes heliconians and fritillaries. 11566 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Snouts. 11565 This subfamily of butterflies includes Admirals and relatives. 11567 This subfamily of butterflies, also known as True Brush-foots, includes checkerspots and relatives. 11564 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Satyrs. 11403 Swallowtails 11576 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Swallowtails. 11575 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Parnassians. 11402 Whites and Sulphurs. 11573 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Sulphurs. 11574 This subfamily of butterflies includes the Whites and relatives. 11401 Metalmarks 10608 11392 11395 11394 11393 11389 11390 11397 11396 11391 7279 For websites about the biology of mantises. Websites about mantises as pets should go to Recreation/Pets/Exotic. 7262 Alderflies, dobsonflies, and fishflies. 7274 7260 10603 The Zygoptera. 10604 The Anisoptera. 7266 7263 Walking sticks. 7282 Lice. 7270 The stoneflies - a small Order of insects with 628 species in North America and about 2000 worldwide. 7281 Proturans are minute whitish wingless insects with conical heads and no eyes or antennae. 7261 For websites about twisted-wing parasites and other insects belonging to this small order. 7265 7280 The silverfish and firebrats, moderate-sized to small insects with three taillike appendages at the end of the abdomen. Similar to the Microcoryphia (Archaeognatha), the jumping bristletails. 7258 A very small order of insects, with about 30 known species. They are less than 3 mm long and are generally found under bark or in humus and leaf litter. 5199 The Merostomata includes two distinct groups of marine organisms, the eurypterids (an extinct group that lived 200 to 500 million years ago) and the horseshoe crabs. The horseshoe crabs are also an ancient group; only 4 or 5 species (depending on who's counting) exist today. 5198 Websites about the biology of Class Chilopoda (centipedes) and Class Diplopoda (millipedes). 5202 Sea spiders. 3510 3519 3501 The Phylum Chordata, the chordates, is the classication of organisms that possess a structure called a notochord, at least during some part of their development. The best known chordates are the vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals). The vertebrates and hagfishes together comprise the taxon Craniata. Also included in the phylum are the tunicates (Urochordata), lancelets (Cephalochordata). Some extinct groups are also assigned to this phylum. 5193 7199 7201 The amphibian order Salientia or Anura consists of the frogs and toads. There is no scientific distinction between "frogs" and "toads." Frogs are typically smooth-skinned, have long hind limbs for leaping, and live in water. Toads have warty, drier skin, with shorter hind limbs for hopping, and live on land. Sites in this category deal with the biology of frogs and toads as they exist in nature, including topics such as description, taxonomy, life cycle, and conservation. 10435 11179 Common Toads. The genus Bufo (Latin for "toad") encompasses most species of the Family Bufonidae. Approximately 200 species are of this genus. 10431 The family Dendrobatidae is commonly called "poison dart frogs." 10434 This family is commonly known as "New World tree frogs." 11176 This genus includes the cricket frogs. 11178 This genus includes the tree frogs. 11177 This genus includes the chorus frogs. 10432 10433 Family known as the "true frogs." 7200 10430 This genus includes the mole salamanders. 10428 This genus includes the amphiumas. 10427 This genus includes the climbing salamanders. 10429 This genus includes dusky salamanders and seal salamanders. 10426 This genus includes brook salamanders. 10425 This genus includes cave salamanders and spring salamanders. 10422 This genus includes mudpuppies and waterdogs. 10421 This genus includes North American newts. 10424 This genus includes slimy salamanders and woodland salamanders. 10423 This genus includes mud salamanders and red salamanders. 10419 This genus includes the sirens (excluding the dwarf sirens). 10420 This genus includes the Pacific newts. 5196 Sites dealing with specific groups of birds. 7230 Ducks, geese, and swans. 10535 This family of birds includes the subfamilies Dendrocygninae, Anserinae, Tadorninae, and Anatinae. 11339 This genus includes the Wood Duck and the Mandarin Duck. 11338 This genus includes many species of ducks, teals, pintails, wigeons, and shovelers. 11332 This genus includes 10 species of geese. 11333 This genus includes the Canvasback, the Redhead, the Hardhead, the Scaups, and some species of ducks and pochards. 11337 This genus includes the Canada Goose, Hawaiian Goose, Barnacle Goose, Brent Goose (Brant), and Red-breasted Goose. 11336 This genus includes the Bufflehead, Common Goldeneye, and Barrow's Goldeneye. 11329 The only species in this genus is the Long-tailed Duck, also known as the Oldsquaw. 11340 This genus includes the Mute Swan, Black Swan, Black-necked Swan, Whooper Swan, Trumpeter Swan, and Tundra Swan. 11335 The Harlequin Duck is the only species in this genus. 11334 The Hooded Merganser is the only species in this genus. 11330 The Steller's Eider is the only species in this genus. 11331 This genus includes the Spectacled Eider, King Eider, and Common Eider. 11328 This genus includes the seven species of shelducks. 7225 Hummingbirds and swifts. 7228 Members of this order include Nightjars (family Caprimulgidae), Owlet-Frogmouths (family Aegothelidae), Potoos (family Nyctibiidae), Frogmouths (family Podargidae), and Oilbirds (family Steatornithidae). 7214 The order of birds including auks (Alcidae), gulls and terns (Laridae), plovers (Charadriidae), and sandpipers (Scolopacidae). 10466 This family of birds includes auks, puffins, guillemots, murres, and murrelets. 11215 The species included in this genus are the Long-billed Murrelet, Marbled Murrelet, and Kittlitz's Murrelet. 11214 The species included in this genus are the Atlantic Puffin, Horned Puffin, and Tufted Puffin. 10469 This family of birds includes plovers and lapwings. 11220 The Wrybill (Anarhynchus frontalis) is the only member of this genus. 11221 The plovers are members of this genus, which also includes the Killdeer. 10465 This family of birds includes gulls, terns, and allies. 11213 The four species in this genus are the Black-fronted Tern, Whiskered Tern, White-winged Tern, and Black Tern. 11212 This genus includes almost all species of gulls. 11211 The two species in this genus are the Black-legged Kittiwake and the Red-legged Kittiwake. 11209 This genus includes the Skuas and Jaegers. 11210 This genus includes most, but not all, species of terns. 10468 This family of birds includes the avocets and stilts. 10467 This family of birds includes sandpipers, snipes, curlews, woodcocks, phalaropes, and allies. 11217 This genus includes the sandpipers, knots, stints, the Sanderling, and the Dunlin. 11216 This genus includes the godwits. 11219 This genus consists of the woodcocks. 11218 The species included in this genus are the redshanks, greenshanks, yellowlegs, tattlers, and seven species of sandpipers. 7224 10495 This family of birds includes the herons, egrets, and bitterns. 11265 This genus includes over ten species of herons plus two species of egrets. 11264 This genus includes the American Bittern, Pinnated Bittern, Great Bittern, and Australasian Bittern. 11263 The Cattle Egret is the only species in this genus. 11261 This genus includes four species of herons, six species of egrets, and the reef-egrets. 11262 This genus includes the night-herons. 10494 This family of birds includes new world vultures and condors. 10493 This family of birds includes storks, openbills, adjutants, and the Jabiru. 10496 This family of birds includes the ibises and spoonbills. 7218 Members of this order include doves and pigeons (Columbidae), the dodo and solitaires (Raphidae), and sandgrouse (Pteroclididae). 10476 Doves and pigeons. 11253 This genus includes the pigeons, including the olive-pigeons and wood-pigeons. 11252 The genus Columbina consists of the following species: -- Columbina buckleyi (Ecuadorian Ground-Dove) -- Columbina cruziana (Croaking Ground-Dove) -- Columbina cyanopis (Blue-eyed Ground-Dove) -- Columbina inca (Inca Dove) -- Columbina minuta (Plain-breasted Ground-Dove) -- Columbina passerina (Common Ground-Dove) -- Columbina picui (Picui Ground-Dove) -- Columbina squammata (Scaled Dove) -- Columbina talpacoti (Ruddy Ground-Dove) 11250 The Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) was one of North America's most common birds, but the last one died in captivity in 1914. 11249 The New Zealand Pigeon (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) is the only species in this genus. 11247 Genus of 10 species of New World pigeons, formerly placed in the genus Columba. 11248 This genus includes over 15 species of doves, including collared-doves and turtle-doves. 11251 The genus Zenaida contains the following species: -- Zenaida asiatica (White-winged Dove) -- Zenaida auriculata (Eared Dove) -- Zenaida aurita (Zenaida Dove) -- Zenaida galapagoensis (Galapagos Dove) -- Zenaida graysoni (Socorro Dove) -- Zenaida macroura (Mourning Dove) 10475 The best-known member of the Raphidae was Raphus cucullatus, commonly known as the dodo, an extinct species of flightless bird. The dodo was discovered on the island of Mauritius in 1584, and was extinct around 1681. 7219 Kingfishers, rollers, motmots, bee-eaters, and allies. 10478 This family of birds includes many species of kingfishers. 10477 This family of birds includes the motmots. 7231 Cuckoos, turacos, hoatzin, and allies. 7211 Members of this order include falcons (family Falconidae, including Falco peregrinus — Peregrine Falcon), hawks and old world vultures (family Accipitridae, including Aquila chrysaetos — Golden Eagle), and ospreys (family Pandionidae, including Pandion haliaetus — Osprey). 10462 This family of birds includes eagles, hawks, and kites. 11208 This genus includes some hawks, goshawks, and sparrowhawks. 11202 This genus includes eleven species of eagles. 11207 This genus includes some species of hawks and buzzards. 11204 This genus consists of the harriers, including marsh-harriers. 11206 This genus includes the griffons and some species of vultures. 11205 This genus includes the Bald Eagle, the White-tailed Eagle, fish-eagles, and sea-eagles. 11203 This genus consists of two species: the Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis) and the Plumbeous Kite (Ictinia plumbea). 10460 This family of birds includes the falcons and caracaras. Internet users will encounter some confusion regarding the taxonomy of the caracaras. According to ITIS the genus name Caracara has replaced the older name Polyborus. However, a variety of scientific names appear on websites. 10461 This family of birds includes the osprey. 7217 This order includes chickens, quail, turkeys, and pheasants. 10473 Includes chachalacas, guans, and currasows. 10474 New World quail and wood-partridges. 10472 This family of birds includes grouse, partridges, francolins, quail (excluding New World quail), pheasants, ptarmigans, and allies. 11231 The only species in this genus is the Congo Peacock, also known as the Congo Peafowl. 11245 The species included in this genus are the Hazel Grouse, Chinese Grouse, and Ruffed Grouse. 11236 The only species in this genus is the Cheer Pheasant. 11233 The two species in this genus are the Golden Pheasant and Lady Amherst's Pheasant. 11243 This genus incldues nine species of quail. 11237 This genus includes the four species of eared-pheasants. 11239 This genus includes the four species of junglefowl. 11246 The only species in this genus is the Blood Pheasant. 11240 The species in this genus are the Himalayan Monal, Himalayan Monal, and Chinese Monal. 11238 This genus includes nine species of pheasants and the firebacks. 11244 The two species in this genus are the Wild Turkey and the Ocellated Turkey. 11242 The two species in this genus are the Indian Peafowl and the Green Peafowl. 11234 The Common Pheasant is the only species in this genus. 11232 This genus includes the five species of peacock-pheasants. 11235 This genus includes five species of pheasants. 11241 This genus consists of the five species of tragopans. 7216 The Loons. 7210 Cranes, coots, rails, and allies. 10459 This family of birds includes the cranes. 10458 This family of birds includes, among others, the rails, crakes, coots, and gallinules. 11198 This genus includes the coots. 11195 This genus includes the moorhens and native-hens. 11200 This genus includes some species of rails and the Weka. 11197 This genus includes some species of rails and crakes. 11199 This genus includes the swamphens, the Takahe, and some species of gallinules. 11196 This genus includes some species of crakes plus the Sora. 11201 This genus includes some species of rails. 7227 The taxonomic order commonly referred to as passerines, perching birds, or song birds. 10528 This family of birds consists of the New Zealand wrens, including the Rifleman, Bush Wren, South Island Wren, and Stephens Island Wren. 10519 This family of birds includes the larks. 10523 This family of birds includes waxwings and allies. 10507 This family of birds consists of the New Zealand Wattlebirds, including the Kokako, Saddleback, and Huia. The Huia is extinct. 10500 This family of birds includes cuckoo-shrikes, minivets, and trillers. 10526 This family of birds includes the cardinals and New World buntings. 11315 This genus includes the cardinals and the Pyrrhuloxia. 11313 This genus includes the New World buntings. 11314 This genus includes some species of grosbeaks. 10508 This family of birds includes some species of creepers and wrens. 10529 This category deals with the biology of birds in the family Corvidae. Corvids include: Crows (Genus Corvus) Ravens (Genus Corvus) Jays (Genera Platylophus, Gymnorhinus, Cyanocitta, Aphelocoma, Cyanolyca, Cyanocorax, Garrulus, and Perisoreus) Magpies (Genera Pica, Platysmurus, Cissa, Urocissa, and Cyanopica) Treepies (Genera Dendrocitta, Crypsirina, and Temnurus) Various Magpie-Jays, Bush-Crows, Ground-Jays, Nutcrackers, Choughs, Piapiacs, Jackdaws, and Rooks. The typical corvid is an insectivore or omnivore, nesting in trees, and raising one clutch a year. 11323 This genus includes crows, ravens, jackdaws, and the Rook. 11526 This category is used for all sites that are about Corvus brachyrhynchos, or the American Crow. 11527 A category for the species Corvus corax, commonly known as the Common Raven, a bird found throughout the Northern Hemisphere. 11321 This genus consists of the Blue Jay and the Stellar's Jay. 11320 This genus includes some species of jay, commonly known as the tufted jays. 11322 The Australian Magpie is the only species in this genus. 11318 This genus includes the Gray Jay, Siberian Jay, and Sichuan Jay. 11319 This genus consists of the Black-billed Magpie and the Yellow-billed Magpie. 11324 This genus includes the fantails. 11316 The Piopio is the only species in this genus. 11317 This genus includes five species of magpies. 10513 This family of birds includes flowerpeckers, berrypeckers, and allies. 10512 Buntings and New World sparrows. 11300 This genus includes the juncos. 11297 This genus includes the Song Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, and Lincoln's Sparrow. 11299 This genus includes the towhees. 11298 This genus includes eight species of sparrows. 11296 This genus includes five species of sparrows. 10499 This family of birds includes the Australasian Robins. 10514 Large bird family, commonly referred to as the finch family (and allied species). 11306 This genus includes greenfinches, goldfinches, siskins, redpolls, and linnets. 11304 This genus includes the rosefinches, the Purple Finch, the Cassin's Finch, and the House Finch. 11302 This genus includes the Hooded Grosbeak, Evening Grosbeak, and Hawfinch. 11303 This genus includes the rosy-finches and some species of mountain-finches. 11305 This genus includes the crossbills. 11301 This genus includes six species of bullfinches. 10525 This family of birds includes swallows, martins, and allies. 11312 This genus includes many species of swallows, some species of martins, and the crag-martins. 11311 This genus includes seven species of martins. 10506 New World blackbirds. 11283 This genus includes ten species of blackbirds. 11284 This genus includes the cowbirds. 11282 This genus includes most species of grackles. 11281 This genus includes the meadowlarks. 10524 This family of birds includes shrikes and fiscals. 10515 This family of birds includes fairy-wrens, emu-wrens, and grasswrens. 10531 This family of birds includes honeyeaters, myzomelas, friarbirds, wattlebirds, and other species. 11327 11326 11325 10503 This family of birds includes mockingbirds, thrashers, tremblers, and the Gray Catbird. 11278 11277 11276 11275 10505 This family of birds includes the pipits, wagtails, and longclaws. 10517 This family of birds includes the Australian warblers. Note that Sibley and Monroe combine the Acanthizidae family with the Pardalotidae family. We list them separately. 10527 This family of birds includes the chickadees, tits, and titmice. 10502 This family of birds includes the New World warblers. 11266 This genus includes over 20 species of warblers. 11274 This genus includes over 25 species of warblers. 11273 The Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus) is the only species in this genus. 11271 The Swainson's Warbler (Limnothlypis swainsonii) is the only species in this genus. 11272 This genus includes the Kentucky Warbler, Connecticut Warbler, Mourning Warbler, and MacGillivray's Warbler. 11270 The only species in this genus is the Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea). 11269 Only three species are included in this genus: the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus, Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis, and Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla). 11268 This genus includes the redstarts. 11267 This genus includes nine species of warblers. 10497 This family of birds includes Old World sparrows, three species of weavers, the Pale Rockfinch, and the Mountain Firetail. 10530 The Pittas - a small family of 24-32 species native to the forests of Africa, Asia, and Australia. 10501 This family of birds includes weavers, bishops, widowbirds, fodies, malimbes, queleas, and allies. 10522 This family of birds includes the accentors. 10520 This family of birds includes the nuthatches, sittellas, and the Wallcreeper. 10504 This bird family includes starlings, mynas, and allies. 11279 This genus includes seven species of mynas. 11280 This genus includes sixteen species of starlings. 10518 10498 This family of birds includes the tanagers. 10510 This family of birds includes most species of wrens. 11285 This genus includes thirteen species of wrens. 11290 The Canyon Wren is the only species in the genus. 11289 This genus includes the Sedge Wren, Apolinar's Wren, Merida Wren, and Marsh Wren. 11288 This genus includes the Bewick's Wren and the Socorro Wren. 11286 This genus includes over 25 species of wrens. 11287 This genus includes eight species of wrens. 10511 This family of birds is known as the Thrush family and includes species such as the Bluebirds, Solitaires, Robins, and, of course, the Thrushes. 11291 This genus includes the nightingale-thrushes plus the Veery, Gray-cheeked Thrush, Bicknell's Thrush, Swainson's Thrush, and Hermit Thrush. 11292 The Wood Thrush is the only species in this genus. 11293 This genus includes eight species of solitaires plus the Kamao, Amaui, Olomao, Omao, and Puaiohi. 11295 This genus includes the Eastern Bluebird, Western Bluebird, and Mountain Bluebird. 11294 This large genus includes many species of thrushes plus several species of blackbirds, the Fieldfare, Redwing, Ring Ouzel, American Robin, and Rufous-collared Robin. 10521 Tyrant Flycatchers and Allies 11308 This genus includes the pewees plus the Olive-sided Flycatcher. 11309 This genus includes fifteen species of flycatchers. 11307 This genus consists of twenty-two species of flycatchers. 11310 This genus consists of the kingbirds plus the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher and the Fork-tailed Flycatcher. 10509 This family of birds includes the vireos, peppershrikes, and greenlets. 10516 This family of birds includes the white-eyes, the speirops, the Mountain Blackeye, Silvereye, and Cinnamon Ibon. 7229 Pelicans, cormorants, tropicbirds, gannets, boobies, anhingas, frigatebirds, and allies. 10532 This family of birds includes pelicans and allies. 10533 This family of birds includes the cormorants and the shags. 10534 This family of birds includes the boobies and the gannets. 7220 Flamingos. 7223 Woodpeckers, puffbirds, jacamars, barbets, toucans, and relatives. 10487 This genus consists of eleven species of woodpeckers, including the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. 10489 Included in this genus are three species of woodpeckers and the flickers. 10488 This genus consists of seven species of woodpeckers. 10492 This genus includes numerous species of woodpeckers. Eighteen North American woodpecker species are members. 10490 Eleven species of woodpeckers are included in this genus. 10491 This genus includes the sapsuckers. 7226 Grebes. 7212 Tubenoses, including albatrosses, storm-petrels, and diving petrels. 7222 Parrots. 10486 This family of birds includes cockatoos, corellas, the Cockatiel, and the Galah. 11260 This genus includes the cockatoos, corellas, and the Galah. 10485 This family of birds includes the parrots, parakeets, and allies. 11255 This genus, commonly known as the Amazon parrots, includes over 30 species of parrots. 11258 This genus includes the macaws. 11257 This genus incudes a small group of parakeets commonly known as the Australasian parakeets. 11259 This genus consists of three species: the Kea, the Norfolk Island Kaka, and New Zealand Kaka. 11254 This genus, commonly known as the rose-ringed parakeets, includes over 15 species of parakeets. 11256 The Kakapo is the only species in this genus. 7221 Penguins are flightless birds normally found in cold climates in the coastal regions of the southern hemisphere. 10483 Emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) and King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonica patagonica, Aptenodytes patagonica halli). 10482 Erect-crested penguins (E. atratus or E. sclateri), Fiordland penguins (E. pachyrhynchus), Macaroni and Royal penguins (E. chysolophus), Rockhopper penguins (E. crestatus, E. chrysocome filholi, E. chrysocome moseleyi), and Snares Island penguins (E. robutsus). 10480 Little penguins, also called Little Blue or Fairy penguins(E. minor albosignata, E. minor minor, E. iredalei, E. minor chathamensis, E. minor novaehollandiae). 10479 Yellow-eyed penguins (M. antipodes), native only to New Zealand. 10484 Adelie penguins (P. adeliae), Chinstrap penguins (P. antarctica), and Gentoo penguins, (P. papua papua, P. papua ellworthii). 10481 African, Jackass, or Blackfooted penguins (S. demersus), Galapagos penguins (S. mendiculus), Humboldt or Peruvian penguins (S. humboldti), and Magellanic penguins (S. magellanicus). 7215 Owls. 10470 Strigidae. 11229 11226 Short-eared Owl, Long-eared Owl. 11227 11225 Bubo, or Eagle Owls, including Great Horned Owls and Fishing Owls. 11525 Snowy Owl. 11224 Pygmy-Owls. 11230 A new genus consisting of 10 New World owls, formerly placed in the genus Otus. 11228 11223 Screech-Owls, Scops-Owls, Flammulated Owl. 11222 Barred Owl, Spotted Owl, Great Gray Owl. 10471 Tytonidai means comprising only the barn owls. Subfamily also listed here are Grass owls, Masked owls, Sooty owls, and the Congo or African Bay owl. 7213 Ostriches, cassowaries, emus, kiwis, and rheas. 10463 Information about kiwi birds -- biology and conservation. 10464 Struthio camelus, the ostrich, flightless bird native to Africa. 5195 Aquatic chordates with appendages developed as fins, whose primary respiratory organs are gills and whose body is usually covered with scales. 7209 10443 Acipenseriformes includes Sturgeons (Acipenseridae) and Paddlefishes (Polyodontidae). 10447 Eels. 10444 Clupeiformes is an order of fishes commonly known as the herrings. Includes Denticipitidae (denticle herring), Engraulididae (anchovies), Pristigasteridae (pristigasterids), Chirocentridae (wolf herring), and Clupeidae (herrings). 10455 Coelacanths. 10449 Order of fish that includes minnows, carp, and suckers. 10448 Killifish. 10446 Family of fish. Common name is the pikes. 10454 Includes sticklebacks and seahorses. 10451 Includes anglerfish and frogfish. 10445 Order of fishes generally known as the smelts, including many families: Argentinidae [argentines or herring smelts], Microstomatidae [microstomatids], Bathylagidae [deap-sea smelts], Opisthoproctidae [barreleyes or spookfishes], Leptochilichthyidae [leptochilichthyids], Alepocephalidae [slickheads], Platytroctidae [platytroctids], Osmeridae [smelts], Salangidae [icefishes or noodlefishes], Sundasalangidae [Sundaland noodlefishes], Retropinnidae [New Zealand smelts], Lepidogalaxiidae [salamanderfishes], Galaxiidae [galaxiids] 10450 Large order of fishes that includes families such as the Percidae (perches), Centrarchidae (sunfishes), Sciaenidae (drums or croakers), Cichlidae (cichlids), Scombridae (mackerels and tunas), Xiphiidae (billfishes), and Channidae (snakeheads). 10456 Salmon. 10452 Scorpionfishes. 10457 Catfish. 11194 10453 Includes boxfishes, filefishes, puffers, and sunfishes. 7207 Class Chondrichthyes includes sharks, rays, and other fish that have a notochord but not a backbone. 10439 Includes catsharks, houndsharks, weasel sharks, requiem sharks, and hammerhead sharks. Well-known species include bull sharks, tiger sharks, blue sharks, and whitetip reef sharks. 10441 Includes the Great White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias). 10440 Includes nurse sharks and whale shark. 10442 Rays, skates, and sawfishes. 7208 Eel-like invertebrate craniates of the Class Myxini, formerly considered to be in Class Agnatha (jawless fish) along with Lampreys. There are about 20 species of hagfish divided into four genera (Myxine, Neomyxine, Paramyxine, and Eptatretus). 7206 Eel-like vertebrate jawless fish of the Class Cephalaspidomorphi, formerly considered to be in Class Agnatha (jawless fish) along with hagfish. About 50 species worldwide. 5197 7235 10551 Consists of a single species, the Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) of North America. 10552 The bovids are a diverse group, including gazelles, African antelope, buffalo, and mountain goats, and domesticated species such as cattle, sheep, and goats. 11353 Subfamily including antelopes, gazelles, dik-diks, springbok, klipspringer, and others. 11537 11536 11354 This subfamily includes cows, buffalos, bison, kudus, and others. 11538 11355 Sheep and goats. 11539 Sheep, including bighorn sheep. 11352 Includes Oryx, Roan and Sable Antelopes, and the Addax. 11535 10549 Camels, llamas, alpacas, vicugnas, and guanacos. 10550 The Deer Family 11351 A single species, Alces alces, the Moose (North American term) or Elk (European term - the American "elk" is Cervus elaphus). 11347 Roe Deer - two species: C. capreolus (Europe and western Asia) and C. pygarus (eastern Asia). 11350 Consists of 10 species, including C. elaphus (red deer, wapiti, or elk). 11348 Consists of two American species: White-tailed Deer (O. virginianus) and Mule Deer (O. hemionus). 11349 Consists of a single species, Rangifer tarandus, the Reindeer (European term) or Caribou (North American term). 10554 10553 10548 Pigs 10547 Peccaries, a family of 2 genera and 3 species of the Americas. 10546 The Chevrotains, or Mouse Deer, a family of two genera and four species from Africa and southern Asia. 7246 10574 11368 Animalia:Chordata:Mammalia:Carnivora:Canidae:Lycaon pictus Lycaon pictus, common names African wild dog, painted dog, painted hunting dog, and Cape hunting dog, is the only living species in the genus Lycaon. Historically distributed across most of Africa, but now an endangered species with only a few thousand individuals in total, found primarily in areas of southern Africa (northern Botswana, north-east Namibia, western and northern Zimbabwe, southern Tanzania and the Kruger National Park in South Africa, as well as Kafue National Park and Luanga Valley, Zambia). 11367 11369 Description, biology, and conservation of the dhole, or the Asiatic wild dog, Cuon alpinus. This little known member of the dog family is found in the jungles of south and southeast Asia. It was described as the "red dog" in Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. It lives in packs. According to Kipling, it was so feared that even the wolf pack featured in the story had to move out of an area invaded by a dhole pack. This was purely fiction (dholes and wolves rarely live in the same areas), but dhole packs are feared by many other inhabitants of the jungle. 11365 11366 11364 Please submit shopping sites to the shopping area. Thanks. 11547 This category deals with the Ethiopian wolf. 10576 The cat family. 11376 11382 The Asian Golden Cat. 11378 11551 Biological information about the sand cat (Felis margarita). 11380 The Margay (Leopardus wiedii), Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), and Oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus). 11379 Lynx and Bobcats. 11552 Lynx rufus. 11381 11555 11554 11553 11556 11375 11377 Genus Uncia includes the species Uncia uncia, the snow leopard. 10579 10581 10580 The skunks, formerly placed in the Family Mustelidae with weasels, otters, and badgers. The four genera in the Mephitidae are: Mephitis, including the striped skunk, Mephitis mephitis, and the hooded skunk M. macroura; Spilogale consisting of at least 3 species, S. putorius, the eastern spotted skunk, S. gracilis, the western spotted skunk, and S. pygmaea, the pygmy spotted skunk; Conepatus, containing C. leuconotus, the white-backed hog-nosed skunk, C. semistriatus, the striped hog-nosed skunk, C. chinga, the South American hog-nosed skunk, and C. humboldtii, the Patagonian hog-nosed skunk; and finally, the only non-American genus, Mydaus, the stink badgers, M. javanensis, the Sunda stink badger, and M. marchei, the Philippine stink badger. 10578 11384 11383 Lutrine mustelids. 10577 10575 Ursidae, the Bear Family, is divided into three subfamilies, Ursinae (black bears, brown bears, polar bears, sloth bears, and sun bears), Tremarctinae (spectacled bears), and Ailuropodinae (giant pandas). 11370 Ailuropoda melanoleuca is the giant panda (the black and white panda). 11371 Genus of the red panda. 11374 11372 For websites about the biology of spectacled bears. 11373 11549 Species of the American black bear. 11548 11550 Brown bears and grizzly bears belong to this species. 10582 Websites about the biology of the Viverridae, or viverrids. This is a family of the carnivores, and includes civets, linsangs, genets, palm civets, toddy cats, binturong, and fossas. This family is native to southern Europe, Africa and Asia, including Indonesia and the Philippines. Viverrids apparently radiated on Madagascar, where there are a number of endemic genera. The family includes 34 species currently placed in 20 genera. 7240 The whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Highly specialized aquatic mammals consisting of sub-orders Mysticeti (baleen whales), Odontoceti (toothed whales), and the extinct Archaeoceti (ancient whales). 10563 The suborder Mysticeti, consisting of 10 species. Families are: Balaenopteridae - rorquals - 6 species (minke, Bryde's, sei, fin, humpback, and blue whales) Eschrichtiidae - Gray Whale Balaenidae - right whales - 3 species 11358 The family Eschrichtidae, consisting of one species, the Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus). 11356 The family Balaenidae, consisting of the Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis), the Bowhead Whale, or Greenland Right Whale (Balaena mysticetus), and the Pygmy Right Whale (Caperea marginata), which is sometimes split off into its own family, the Neobalaenidae. 11357 The Balaenopteridae, a family consisting of minke, Bryde's, sei, fin, humpback, and blue whales. 11541 Balaenoptera musculus, an endangered species that is the largest animal on Earth. 11544 Balaenoptera edeni. Bryde's is pronounced "bree-dahs" after the name of the Norwegian man, Johan Bryde, who, in 1912, financed the first scientific investigation of whales in South African waters. 11542 Balaenoptera physalus, the second largest animal on Earth. Also called the finback whale, razorback whale, or common rorqual. 11540 Megaptera novaeangliae. 11545 Balaenoptera acutorostrata 11543 Balaenoptera borealis. Sei is pronounced "say". 10564 The suborder Odontoceti, consisting of about 66 species. Families are: Physeteridae - Sperm Whales - 3 species Ziphiidae - beaked whales - 18 spp. Delphinidae - oceanic or marine dolphins - 32 spp. Monodontidae - beluga and narwhal - 2 spp. Platanistidae - freshwater or river dolphins - 5 spp. Phocoenidae - porpoises - 6 spp. 11359 The family Ziphiidae, consisting of 6 genera and 18 species. 11362 The family Monodontidae, consisting of two species, the Beluga, or White Whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and the Narwhal (Monodon monoceros). 11361 Dolphins are small whales in the families Delphinidae (marine dolphins, 34 species), Iniidae (Amazon dolphins, 2 species), Lipotidae (whitefin dolphin, 1 species), Platanistidae (Ganges and Indus dolphins, 2 species), and Pontoporiidae (La Plata dolphin, 1 species). 11546 The Killer Whale (Orcinus orca), sometimes called orca, is the largest member of the dolphin family. 11363 The family Phocoenidae, consisting of 6 species in 4 genera. 11360 The family Physeteridae, consisting of the Sperm Whale (Physeter catodon/macrocephalus), the Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps) and Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia simus). 7238 Bats. 10562 Old world fruit-eating bats. The only family of the sub-order Megachiroptera. 10560 Horseshoe and roundleaf bats. 10561 The largest family of bats which includes over 40 genera and over 300 species. 7243 Colugos or "flying lemurs". 7251 This category is for web sites about elephants, especially sites with emphasis on elephant science, eg: zoology, physiology, taxonomy, ecology, conservation, etc, ... Web sites about the welfare of elephants in circuses and logging camps, about the ivory trade, or about elephants as a tourism spectacle, do not belong here. Please consult the FAQ at http://dmoz.org/Science/Biology/Zoology/faq.html. Classification of the Elephant family Mammalia; Eutheria; Proboscidea; Elephantidae There are two species: Loxodonta africana (African Elephant) and Elephas maximus (Asian Elephant). Two extinct taxa are recognized: Mammut americanum (Mastodon) and Mammuthus primigenius (Mammoth). 10594 This category is for web sites about African elephants, especially sites with emphasis on elephant science, eg: zoology, physiology, taxonomy, ecology, and conservation. Web sites about the welfare of elephants in circuses, about the ivory trade, or about elephants as a tourism spectacle, do not belong here. Please consult the FAQ at http://dmoz.org/Science/Biology/Zoology/faq.html. Classification of the African Elephant Loxodonta africana Mammalia; Eutheria; Proboscidea; Elephantidae; Loxodonta There are two sub-species or species: Loxodonta (africana) africana (Savanna Elephant) and Loxodonta (africana) cyclotis (Forest Elephant). 10593 This category is for web sites about Asian elephants, especially sites with emphasis on elephant science, eg: zoology, physiology, taxonomy, ecology, conservation, etc, ... Web sites about the welfare of elephants in circuses and logging camps, about the ivory trade, or about elephants as a tourism spectacle, do not belong here. Please consult the FAQ at http://dmoz.org/Science/Biology/Zoology/faq.html. Classification of the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus Mammalia; Eutheria; Proboscidea; Elephantidae; Elephas There are three recognized sub-species: Elephas maximus indicus (Indian Elephant), Elephas maximus maximus (Sri Lankan Elephant) and Elephas maximus sumatranus (Sumatran Elephant). 7248 Hyraxes. 7242 10569 10568 10570 10571 10566 10567 7232 Hares, rabbits, and pikas 7244 Elephant Shrews 7237 10555 The Didelphidae (Didelphimorphia), consisting of 60 or so species, mainly in Central and South America, with one species, the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana), in northern North America. 10558 10556 10559 Web sites about members of the extinct marsupial family 'Thylacinidae' or the Thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) 10557 Wallabies are a smaller relative of the kangaroo, and are somewhat rare as pets. 7245 The monotremes are the egg-laying mammals. Like reptiles and birds, they lay eggs rather than having live birth. The only living representatives of this group are the platypus and the echidnas (spiny anteaters). Living monotremes are found only in Australia and New Guinea. 10572 The Tachyglossidae are the echnidnas, or spiny ant eaters. These are a group of spine covered, insectivorous, monotreme mammals with claws and a slender snout. There are two genera: the curved-beaked echidna (Zaglossus or Proechidna) of New Guinea and the smaller, straight beaked echidna (Tachyglossus), represented by several species throughout Australia and southern New Guinea. 10573 7250 Includes some of the mammals with hooves. 10591 10592 10590 Tapirs 7249 Pangolins. 7241 10565 7234 Here you will find links to website related to primates - their behavior, conservation and welfare. 10540 10542 Marmosets and Tamarins. 10544 New World monkeys. 10541 Old World monkeys. 10545 The great apes, including gorillas, bonobos, chimpanzees, orang-utans, and humans. 11344 11343 11346 11533 11534 Discovered in 2004, skeletal remains show that the hominins, nicknamed 'hobbits' by some of their discoverers, were only one metre tall, had a brain one-third the size of that of modern humans, and lived on an isolated island long after Homo sapiens had migrated through the South Pacific region, 18.000 years ago. 11531 11532 11530 11345 Kenyanthropus is a new genus of hominid species discovered by Meave Leakey. 11342 11528 11529 11341 10543 Gibbons and siamangs. 10538 10539 7247 10589 Animal family consisting of New World mountain beavers. 10588 The beaver family. 10585 Animal family consisting of New World porcupines. 10587 10583 10584 Myocastoridae is the family of animals commonly known as nutria (large aquatic rodents originally found in South and Central America). 10586 7236 Tree shrews. 7233 The Sirenia are a small order of endangered marine mammals. There are four living species (three manatees and the dugong) and one recent extinct species (Steller's Sea Cow, in the dugong family). 10537 The family Dugongidae, consisting of one living species, the Dugong (Dugong dugon), and one recent extinct species Steller's Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas). 10536 The family Trichechidae, consisting of three species, Trichechus inunguis (Amazonian Manatee), Trichechus manatus (West Indian Manatee), and Trichechus senegalensis (West African Manatee). 7239 Aardvarks (Orycteropus afer) are the only animal in the order Tubulidentata. 7252 [Xenarthra] Anteaters, Sloths, Armadillos . Teeth are absent or rudimentary. 10595 10597 This area is reserved for the astonishing world of armadillos :) 10596 5194 7204 7203 This Order includes lizards (Suborder Sauria), snakes (Suborder Serpentes), and worm lizards (Suborder Amphisbaenia). 10437 The lizards form a suborder (Suborder Lacertilia) of Order Squamata, Class Reptilia. Appropriate topics for this category include taxonomy, biology, ecology, lizards in their natural habitats, and biological/laboratory studies. This category is organized by taxonomic grouping. Websites for related scientific journals, societies, studies of lizards or herps, in general, etc., are listed in Science/Biology/Zoology/Chordates/Herpetology/ . 11184 Agamas, bearded dragons, forest dragons, etc. 11187 American legless lizards. 11185 Polychridae. 11186 11181 This category lists information on biological/laboratory studies, natural habitats and misc. gecko information. Please submit any gecko sites that do not fit these requirements to http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Pets/Herp/Reptiles/Lizards/Geckos/ 11180 This category lists information on biological/laboratory studies, natural habitats and misc. Heloderma information. Please submit any Heloderma sites that do not fit these requirements to http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Pets/Herp/Reptiles/Lizards/ 11183 This category lists information on biological/laboratory studies, natural habitats and misc. iguana information. Please submit any iguana sites that do not fit these requirements to http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Pets/Herp/Reptiles/Lizards/Iguanas -or to one of the proper subcats listed there. 11182 This category lists information on biological/laboratory studies, natural habitats and misc. monitor and tegu information. Please submit any monitor or tegu sites that do not fit these requirements to the proper subcat listed at - http://dmoz.org/Recreation/Pets/Herp/Reptiles/Lizards/ 11188 Snake-like legless lizards, endemic to Australia and New Guinea. 10438 11189 Boas and pythons. 11193 11190 Includes many highly venemous species, such as cobras, coral snakes, and kraits. 11191 11192 Vipers and pit vipers. 7205 Tuataras (genus Sphenodon) are the only surviving members of the Order Rhynchocephalia, which was an abundant reptile group during the Mesozoic but largely disappeared in the Late Cretaceous. There are two recognized species of tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus and S. guntheri. Tuataras are found on relatively inaccesible islands off the coast of New Zealand. This endangered species was once widely distributed throughout New Zealand, but became extinct on the mainland before the arrival of European settlers. 7202 Websites about the biology, phylogeny, classification, reproduction, or biological conservation of Order Testudines: turtles, tortoises, and terrapins. 10436 5192 The subphylum Urochordata, is also sometimes known as the Tunicata. These animals are commonly known as tunicates or sea squirts. Some pelagic tunicates are known as salps. There are two classes recognized within the subphylum: Thaliacea and Ascidiacea. The body of an adult tunicate is quite simple. Essentially it is a sack with two siphons through which water enters and exits. Many tunicates have a larva that is free-swimming and exhibits all chordate characteristics, including a notochord. In many tunicates this "tadpole larva" eventually attaches to a hard surface and loses its tail, the ability to move, and most of its nervous system. The tunicate group knows as salps are entirely free-swimming, however. 3522 5213 5212 7295 7291 7292 7296 7294 7297 7293 5211 For websites about sea cucumbers. 5214 3499 3494 The Gastrotricha are microscopic free-living, acoelomate, aquatic worms. There are about 690 species worldwide. 3507 Invertebrate phylum whose name means "jawed mouth". The phylum is characterized by the presence of a pharynx with associated jaws and basal plate. Gnathostomulids are small, fragile and elongate in structure, rarely exceeding 3mm in size, and usually between 0.5mm and 1mm. They have no circulatory system, a primitive gut, and usually no anus. Their usual habitats are fine, anoxic marine sediments. 3509 5208 5207 5206 3515 The Kinorhynchians ("moveable-snouts") are a group of small, marine invertebrates typically less than 1 mm in length. There are about 150 recorded species, found in marine habitats ranging from the intertidal zone to the deep ocean. 3504 3505 This category is for sites devoted to minor protostome phyla, including Tardigrada, Onychophora, Echiura and Sipuncula. The Mollusca, Annelida and Arthropoda are listed separately. 3495 5180 5184 5183 5185 7198 10418 A collection of scientific papers, essays, and journals dealing with nudibranchs and sea slugs. 7196 Subclass of the gastropods containing the majority of the conspicuous marine gastropods including conchs, welks, cone shells, and cowries. 10416 10415 11175 10417 7197 Pulmonata is the subclass of Gastropoda that contains many freshwater snails and slugs and most land snails and slugs. 5179 5181 5182 3521 Nematodes are the second most diverse animal phylum (after the arthropods). Free-living nematodes are abundant in soils and sediments, where they feed on bacteria and detritus. Some nematodes are plant parasites, including organisms that cause disease in economically important crops. Others parasitize animals (including humans). Well-known parasitic nematodes include hookworms, pinworms, Guinea worm (genus Dracunculus), and intestinal roundworms (genus Ascaris). 3513 3497 Phylum Nemertea is also known as Nemertini. Common name is ribbon worms. 3500 3511 Phoronida is a small phylum consisting of about 12 species. These "horseshoe worms" are U-shaped and live in shallow marine sediments. They filter-feed by means of a ciliated organ called a lophophore, as do the Brachiopods and Bryozoans. 3498 Phylum Platyhelminthes is commonly known as the flatworms, including free-living flatworms (class Turbellaria), as well as mostly parasitic flukes and tapeworms (classes Monogenea, Trematoda, and Cestoda). Collectively, they are primitive organisms that are flat, soft-bodied, and symmetrical. Recent molecular studies suggest that the Platyhelminthes as a whole may have arisen as two independent groups from different ancestral groups. If this is correct, most of the flatworms may belong to the Lophotrochozoa, a large group within the animal kingdom that includes molluscs and earthworms, while the rest belong near the base of animal diversity. 5190 Fluke family. 5191 3502 The Phylum Porifera includes the animals commonly known as sponges. This is a diverse group, with about 5000 known species. Most are marine, but around 150 species live in fresh water. Considered the simplest of the animals, the cells of sponges are organized into tissues, but the tissues are not organized into organs. Their bodies are a sort of loose aggregation of different kinds of cells. Sponges are characterized by a unique feeding system involving a system of pores and canals through which water passes. The four Classes of sponges are Calcarea (Calcispongiae), Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae), Demospongiae, and Sclerospongiae (considered by many to be a subclass of Demospongiae). 3506 Information about the pseudocoelomate group (also known as Aschelminthes or Nemathelminthes) of invertebrates, a group of about 10 separate phyla that are often clustered together. Most members of the group are soft-bodied worms, and many of them are microscopic. The most important phylum in the group is Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms. Other phyla in this group include Kinorhyncha, Rotifera, Acanthocephala and Nematomorpha. 3517 This category is for sites devoted to Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterates) and Phylum Ctenophora. 5210 The Phylum Cnidaria, also known as the coelenterates, includes jelly fish, sea anemones, corals, medusas, and hydras. 7290 7289 5209 Common name of this group is "comb jellies." 3520 3512 3518 3516 1577 1576 1575 1574 1573 1580 Kingdom Fungi Subcategories are organized acording taxon tree: - Divisions -- Families --- Genera Classes, Orders and Subtaxons are missed for escaping from "unstable" taxons. 3490 Members of the phylum Ascomycota are fungi that produce their spores in special pods or sac-like structures called asci. This phylum includes morels and truffles (class Euascomycetae), cup fungi, flask fungi, and yeast. 5160 5161 7167 7166 5162 7168 7169 5163 7171 7170 3491 The phylum of the "club fungi," including most familiar mushrooms. 5170 7183 7182 7181 5169 This category contains links to generic level information to the genera Amanita, Limacella, Amarrendia, and Torrendia. The first level of subcategories consist of the genera. Under each genus, the subcategories presented are the species. Supraspecific taxa can be somewhat fluid at present and links will be found to these within the genus level categories. 7180 10365 Information about the species Amanita abrupta 10304 Information about the species Amanita advena 10220 Information about the species Amanita aestivalis 10303 Information about the species Amanita afrospinosa 10132 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita alauda 10057 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita albifimbriata. 10378 10377 Sites related to the species Amanita alboflavescens Hongo. 10302 Information about the species Amanita alliacea 10090 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita alliodora. 10203 Information about the species Amanita altifissura 10369 Information on the species Amanita altipes 10301 Information about the species Amanita amanitoides 10300 Information on Amanita ameghinoi 10299 Information on the species Amanita ananaeceps 10117 Illustrations and information relating to the species Amanita angustispora. 10049 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita annulatovaginata 10312 Information about the species Amanita antillana 10194 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita aprica. 10195 Concerning the species Amanita argentea 10403 10298 Information about the species Amanita armillariiformis 10396 10219 Information abou the species Amanita asteropus 10317 10187 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita atrofusca 10084 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita aurantiovelata 10043 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita aurea 10297 Information about the species Amanita aureofloccosa 10131 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita aureomonile 10309 Information about the species Amanita australis. 10296 Information about the species Amanita austroviridis 10364 Information about the species Amanita banningiana 10359 Information about the species Amanita basiana 10308 Information on the species Amanita basii 10060 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita basiorubra 10186 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita beckeri 10291 Information about the species Amanita berkeleyi 10358 Information about the species Amanita bingensis 10363 Information about the species Amanita bisporigera 10295 Information about the species Amanita boliviana 10294 Information about the species Amanita borneensis 10293 Information about the genus Amanita boudieri 10402 10056 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita brunneiphylla 10034 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita brunneoconulus. 10394 10362 Information about the species Amanita brunnescens 10292 Information about the species Amanita bubalina 10327 Amanita bulbosa may be an unfamiliar name to those familiar with modern literature. However, it is unfortunately the correct name for what is more commonly called Amanita citrina var. alba. Amanita citrina var. citrina is correctly called Amanita bulbosa var. citrina. This is an annoying change. Perhaps the name Amanita citrina should be conserved. 10395 10406 10281 Information about the provisional species Amanita californica 10185 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita calopus. 10184 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita calyptratoides 10280 Information about the species Amanita canescens 10053 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita carneiphylla 10380 10279 Information abou the species Amanita castanopsis 10198 Information about the species Amanita ceciliae 10278 Information about the species Amanita centunculus 10183 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita chepangiana 10277 Information about the species Amanita chlorinosma 10275 Information about the species Amanita chlorophylla 10305 Information about the species Amanita chrysoleuca 10182 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita cinctipes 10181 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita cinereoannulosa 10276 Information about the species Amanita cinereoconia 10347 10031 Information and illustrations concerning the taxon known as Amanita citrina var. grisea 10029 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita clarisquamosa 10116 Information and illustrations relating to the species Amanita clelandii. 10180 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita coacta 10274 Information about the species Amanita codinae 10361 Information about the species Amanita cokeri 10179 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita colombiana. 10040 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita conara 10357 Information about the species Amanita concentrica 10273 Information about the species Amanita conicobulbosa 10178 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita constricta 10039 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita costaricensis 10177 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita craseoderma 10272 Brief description. Illustration sought. 10288 Information about the species crassiconus 10287 Information on the species Amanita crassifolia 10176 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita crebresulcata 10335 10328 10271 Information about the species Amanita cylindrispora 10270 Information on the species Amanita daucipes 10260 Information on the species Amanita demissa 10356 Information about the species Amanita diemii 10121 Information and illustrations about the species Amanita dumosorum. 10189 Information and illustration concerning the species Amanita dunicola. 10101 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita eburnea. 10061 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita echinulata 10113 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita effusa. 10202 Information about the species Amanita eijii 10355 Information on the species Amanita elata 10048 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita elegans. 10130 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita elephas 10099 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita elliptosperma. 10259 Information on the species Amanita elongata 10283 Information about the species Amanita eriophora 10037 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita erythrocephala 10050 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita eucalypti 10374 10366 Information about the species Amanita exitialis 10342 10055 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita fibrillopes 10188 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita flammeola. 10088 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita flavella. 10175 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita flavescens 10408 10052 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita flaviphylla 10218 Information about the species Amanita flavivolva 10331 10269 Information about the species Amanita flavofloccosa 10333 10066 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita floccosolivida 10174 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita floridana 10083 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita fraterna 10354 Information about the species Amanita friabilis 10217 Information about the species Amanita fritillaria 10336 10129 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita fuliginea 10397 10216 Information about the species Amanita fuliginosa 10401 10065 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita fulvopulverulenta 10064 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita fulvosquamulosa 10038 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita garabitoana 10027 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita gemmata. 10197 Information about the species Amanita gilbertii 10125 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita gioiosa 10112 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita gossypino-annulata 10268 Information about the species Amanita gracilior 10267 Information on the species Amanita grallipes 10119 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita murina. 10110 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita grisella. 10087 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita griselloides 10111 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita griseoconia 10266 Information on the species Amanita griseofarinosa 10173 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita griseofolia 10109 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita griseovelata 10265 Information on the species Amanita griseoverrucosa 10172 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita groenlandica 10264 Information about the species Amanita grossa 10098 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita gwyniana. 10306 Information about the species Amanita gymnopus 10157 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita hamadae 10171 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita hemibapha 10263 Information about Amanita hesleri 10124 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita heterochroma 10108 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita hiltonii 10262 Information about the species Amanita hongoi. 10192 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita hovae. 10170 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita huijsmanii. 10169 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita humboldtii 10085 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita hygroscopica. 10168 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita illudens. 10114 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita incarnatifolia. 10042 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita infusca 10032 Information and illustrations concerning the provisionally named species Amanita innatifibrilla. 10261 Information about the species Amanita inodora 10282 Information about the species Amanita inopinata 10041 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita irreperta 10167 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita islandica 10391 10258 Information about the species Amanita japonica 10059 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita kalamundi 10106 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita kammala. 10069 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita karea 10346 10155 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita kwangsiensis 10193 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita labordei. 10405 10165 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita lanei 10086 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita lanivolva 10257 Information about the species Amanita lanosa 10256 Information about the species Amanita lanosula 10115 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita levistriata. 10255 Information about the species Amanita lilloi 10254 Information about the species Amanita limbatula 10166 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita liquii 10253 Information about the species Amanita longipes 10100 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita longitibiale. 10051 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita luteivolvata 10047 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita luteoflava 10091 Informations and illustrations concerning Amanita luteofusca. 10371 Information related to the species Amanita lutescens Hongo 10097 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita maculans. 10164 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita mafingensis 10384 10387 10163 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita magnivolvata 10162 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita mairei 10161 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita malleata 10128 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita manginiana 10204 Information about the species Amanita marginata 10105 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita marmorata. 10122 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita masasiensis. 10082 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita media 10156 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita melleiceps 10349 10252 Information about the species Amanita miculifera 10035 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita miomboensis. 10353 Information about the species Amanita mira 10127 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita modesta 10081 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita monticulosa 10352 Information about the species Amanita morenoi 10215 Information about the species Amanita morrisii 10160 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita mortenii 10360 Information about the species Amanita multisquamosa 10071 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita mumura 10120 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita murina. 10080 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita murinacea 10159 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita murinoflammeum 10385 10316 10341 10251 Information about the species Amanita nana 10250 Information about the species Amanita nauseosa 10311 Information about the species Amanita nehuta 10324 10351 Information about Amanita nigrescens 10343 10068 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita nothofagi 10389 10368 Information on the species Amanita oberwinklerana. 10158 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita oblongispora 10350 Information about the species Amanita obsita 10307 Information about the species Amanita ochrophylla. 10107 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita ochrophylloides 10249 Information about the species Amanita ochroterrea 10373 10248 Information about the species Amanita odorata 10067 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita olivacea 10379 10382 10153 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita orientifulva 10030 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita orientigemmata. 10214 Information about the species Amanita orsonii 10152 Information and illustrations of the species Amanita ovalispora 10325 10392 10399 10370 Information concerning the species Amanita pachyvolvata (Bon) Krieglst. 10093 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita pagetodes. 10151 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita pakistanica 10150 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita pallidocarnea 10247 Information about the species Amanita pallidoflavescens 10332 10079 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita pantherina var. pantherinoides. 10348 10310 Information about the species Amanita pareparina 10246 Information about the species Amanita parva 10096 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita parviformis. 10319 Information about the species Amanita parvipantherina 10213 Information about the species Amanita pausiaca 10323 10338 10245 Information about the species Amanita perpasta 10212 Information about the species Amanita perphaea 10398 10407 10211 Information about the species Amanita pilosella 10036 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita pleropus 10244 Information about the species Amanita polypyramis 10329 10321 10284 Information about the species Amanita praeclara. 10243 Infomation about the species Amanita praelongispora 10285 Information about the species Amanita prairiicola 10242 Information about the species Amanita preissii 10149 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita princeps 10104 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita privigna 10383 10028 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita pseudogemmata. 10126 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita pseudoporphyria 10148 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita pseudospreta 10290 Information about the species Amanita pseudovaginata 10095 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita pseudoverna. 10147 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita pudibunda 10154 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita pudica 10318 Information about the species Amanita pulverotecta 10241 Information about the species Amanita pulverulenta 10070 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita pumatona 10146 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita punctata 10092 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita pyramidifera. 10078 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita radiata 10240 Information about the species Amanita ravenelii 10330 10044 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita rhodophylla 10239 Information about the species Amanita rhopalopus 10386 10238 Information about the species Amanita roanokensis 10046 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita robusta. 10145 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita romagnesiana 10118 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita rosea. 10320 10237 Information about the species Amanita roseolescens 10077 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita roseophylla 10326 10123 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita rubromarginata. 10334 10033 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita rufoferruginea. 10210 Information about the species Amanita salmonescens 10144 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita sampajensis 10236 Information about the species Amanita sculpta 10209 Information about the species Amanita sepiacea 10289 Information about the species Amanita silvicola 10235 Information about the species Amanita silvifuga 10143 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita similis. 10025 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita sinensis. 10234 Information about the species Amanita singeri 10400 10026 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita sinocitrina. 10388 10233 Information about the species Amanita solitaria 10142 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita sororcula 10393 10208 Information about the species Amanita squamosa 10221 Information about the species Amanita straminea 10232 Information about the species Amanita strobilacea 10045 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita strobilaceovolvata 10231 Information about the species Amanita strobiliformis 10063 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita strophiolata 10230 Information about the species Amanita subalbida 10103 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita suballiacea 10196 Information about the species Amanita subcaligata. 10076 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita subcitriniceps 10199 Information about the species Amanita subfrostiana 10315 Information about the species Amanita subglobosa 10367 Information about the species Amanita subjunquillea 10229 Information about the species Amanita sublutea 10376 10190 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita subnudipes. 10075 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita subphalloides 10074 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita subrecutita 10286 Information about the species Amanita subsolitaria 10141 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita subvirginiana 10062 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita subviscosa. 10140 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita supravolvata 10409 10314 Information about the species Amanita taiepa. 10139 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita tanzanica 10228 Information about the species Amanita tephrea 10073 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita thejoleuca. 10345 10227 Information about the species Amanita timida 10207 Information about the species Amanita tristis 10138 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita tuza 10072 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita umbrinodisca 10344 10137 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita vaginata 10089 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita variabilis. 10322 10372 10191 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita verna and/or Amanita decipiens 10094 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita verniformis 10136 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita verrucosivolva 10226 Information about the species Amanita vestita 10340 10225 Information about the species Amanita virginea 10224 Information about the species Amanita virgineoides 10381 10375 10102 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita virosiformis 10390 10054 Information and illustrations concerning Amanita walpolei 10339 10223 Information about the species Amanita westii 10206 Information about the species Amanita xanthella 10404 10222 Brief description and illustation 10205 Information about the species Amanita xanthomargaros 10313 Information about the species Amanita xerocybe 10337 10201 Information about the species Amanita yenii 10135 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita yuaniana 10134 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita yucatanensis 10133 Information and illustrations concerning the species Amanita zambiana 10200 Information about the species Amanita zangii 10058 Information and illustrations concerning Amanitopsis albopulverulenta 7177 Information about the genus Amarrendia and its species 7179 Information concerning the genus Limacella 7178 Information about the genus Torrendia and its species 10023 Information about the species Torrendia arenaria 10024 Information about the species Torrendia pulchella 5177 7191 5168 7176 5166 5165 7174 5167 7175 5174 7187 5176 7190 5173 7186 5175 7188 7189 5171 7184 5164 7172 7173 5172 7185 3489 Zygomycota, the conjugating fungi, is a fungal phylum containing two classes, class Zygomycetes and class Trichomycetes. Most Trichomycetes are parasites or commensals inside the guts of living arthropods. Class Zygomycetes includes 7 orders, 30 families, 125 genera, and almost 900 species (about 1% of the known species of fungi). Its members include fast-growing, primary colonizers of substrates containing accessible carbon sources such as sugar and starch. The best known representative of this phylum is black bread mold. 5158 7163 5159 7165 7164 1572 1571 1570 1569 1568 1567 1566 1582 Kingdom Monera Subcategories are organized acording taxon tree: - Phyla -- Families --- Genuses Clases, Orders and Subtaxons are missed for escaping from "unstable" taxons. 3492 Primitive single-celled organisms thought by some to be the oldest life-forms on Earth. They survive in a range of extreme environments, such as salty water, hot springs, and sulfur vents at the bottom of the ocean floor. 3493 Bacteria have traditionally been identified and classified by shape, on the basis of their biochemistry, and/or the conditions under which they grow. New approaches allow classification on the basis of similarities among DNA sequences. 5178 7195 10414 7194 10412 10413 7193 10411 7192 10410 1565 1564 1563 1579 Kingdom Plantae Subcategories are organized according to the taxonomy tree: - Divisions -- Classes --- Families ---- Genera Orders and subtaxons are missed for escaping from "unstable" taxons. 3477 The Anthocerotophyta or Anthocerophyta are more commonly known as the hornworts. These are thought to be one of the oldest extant groups of land plants. Hornworts consist of a flattened thallus with the gametangia produced along the midline of the thallus, each thallus able to produce several sporophytes. 5127 This is the order of the hornworts containing the family Anthocerotaceae. According to some classification systems, this is the only order and family of the hornworts. Others divide the hornworts further, either with additional orders (such as Foliocerotales, Leiosporocerotales, Dendrocerotales and Nothothylales), or by dividing the order Anthocerotales into two families Anthocerotaceae and Notothyladaceae). For this site, the most recent classification by Hasegawa (1994) will be used, with the Anthocerotales being sub-divided into the Notothyladaceae and the Antherocotaceae. 6622 6621 The family of the hornworts containing the genus Notothylas. 5126 5128 3488 The plants contained in the Division Bryophyta, are more commonly known as mosses. These are non-vascular plants of terrestrial and aquatic habitats, often evident as members of the ground flora, or epiphytes on the trunks of trees. There are thought to be approximately 20,000 known species globally, with many more species yet to be described, especially in the tropics. 5156 The class of the Bryophyta containing the orders Andreaeales and Takakiales. 5155 The class of the Bryophyta containing the "true mosses". 7151 The genera in this family are: Amblystegium, Calliergidium, Calliergon, Calliergonella, Campyliadelphus, Campylium, Campylophyllum, Conardia, Ctraoneuron, Cratoneuropsis, Drepanocladus, Hygroamblystegium, Hygrohypnum, Leptodictyum, Ortholimnobium, Platydicta, Platyhynidium, Platylomella, Pseudohygrohypnum, Sciaromiopsis, Sciaromium, Scorpidium, Sinocalliergon. 7113 7118 The family containing the genera Aulocomnium and Leptotheca 7147 This family contains the genera: Anacolia, Bartramia, Bartramidula, Breutelia, Conostomum, Fleischerobryum, Leiomela, Philonotis, Plagiopus. 7145 This family contains the genera: Brachythecium, Bryhnia, Bryoandersonia, Catagoniopsis, Chamberlainia, Cirriphyllum, Cratoneurella, Eriodon, Eurhynchiella, Eurhynchium, Flabellidium, Henicodium, Homalotheciella, Homalothecium, Kurohimehypnum, Lepyrodontopsis, Mandoniella, Myurclada, Oxyrrhynchium, Palamocladium, Pseudopleuropsis, Sciuroleska, Scleropodium, Scorpiurium, Stokesiells, Rhynchostegiella, Rhynchostegium, Schimperella, Tomentypnum, Trachybryum. 7142 The family of the Bryophyta containing the genera Acidodontium, Anomobryopsis, Anomobryum, Brachymenium, Bryum, Epipterygium, Haplodontium, Leptobryum, Mielichhoferia, Mniobryoides, Mniobryum, Orthodontium, Osculatia, Perssonia, Plagiobryum, Pohlia, Pseudopohlia, Rhodobryum, Roellia, Synthetodontium. 7110 7127 7126 7109 7155 This family contains the genus Climacium. 7137 7108 7150 This family includes the genera: Anisothecium, Aongstroemia, Aongstroemiopsis, Arctoa, Atractylocarpus, Braunfelsia, Brothera, Brotherobryum, Bruchia, Bryohumbertia, Bryotestua, Camptodontium, Campylopodium, Campylopus, Chorisodontium, Cnestrum, Cryptodicranum, Cynodontium, Dichodontium, Dicranella, Dicranodontium, Dicranoloma, Dicranoweisia, Dicranum, Eucamptodontopsis, Holodontium, Holomitriopsis, Holomitrium, Hygrodicranum, Kiaeria, Kingiobryum, Leucocoloma, Maireola, Microcampylopus, Microdus, Mitobryum, Monocranum, Oncophorus, Oreas, Oreoweisa, Othodicranum, Paraleucobryum, Parisia, Pilopogon, Pilogonella, Platyneurum, Polymerodon, Pseudephemerum, Schliephackea, Sclerodontium, Sphaerothecium, Steyermarkiella, Symblepharis, Thiemea, Trematodon, Valdiviella, Wilsoniella. 7124 7107 7161 This family contains the genera: Astomiopsis, Bryomanginia, Ceratodon, Cheilothela, Cladostomum, Distichium, Ditrichopsis, Ditrichum, Eccremidium, Garckea, Philibertiella, Pleuriditrichum, Pleuridiella, Pleuridium, Pringleella, Pseudodistichium, Saelania, Skottsbergia, Trichodon, Tristichium. 7146 This family contains the genera Bryobrittonia and Encalypta. 7148 This family includes the genera: Cribrodontium, Entodon, Entodontella, Erythrodontium, Levierelia, Mesonodon, Nanothecium, Orontobryum, Orthotheciadelphus, Orthosthecium, Plagiotheciopsis, Pleurozium, Pterigynandrum, Pylaisiobryum, Retidens, Scleropodium, Trachyphyllum. 7106 7105 7133 7123 The family containing the genera Fissidens and Octodiceras. 7121 7143 The family of bryophytes containing the genera Aphanorhegna, Brachymeniopsis, Costesia, Entosthodon, Funaria, Funariophycomitrella, Goniomitrium, Jonesiobryum, Loiseaubryum, Micropoma, Nanomitriella, Neosharpiella, Physcomitrella, Physcomitrellopsis, Physcomitrium, Pyramidula, Steppomitra. 7120 7138 7122 7136 7162 This family contains the genera: Cyathothecium, Hylocomium, Leptohymenium, Macrothamnella, Macrothamnium, Stenotheciopsis. 7154 This family contains the genera: Andoa, Allorgea, Bryosedgwickia, Callicladium, Crepidophyllum, Ctenidiadelphus, Ctenidium, Ectropotheciella, Ectopotheciopsis, Ectopothecium, Eurohypnum, Giraldiella, Herzogiella, Homomallium, Hondella, Hyocomium, Hypnum, Isopterygium, Leiodontium, Leucomium, Microctenidium, Platygyriella, Platygyrium, Pseudostereodon, Ptilium, Puiggariella, Pylaisia, Rhacopilopsis, Rhizohypnella, Rozea, Stereodontopsis, Taxiphyllum, Trachythecium, Vesicularia, Vesiculariopsis. 7132 7141 7117 7111 7116 7125 The family containing the genera Amblyodon, Meesia and Palludella 7115 7153 The genera contained in this family are: Cinclidium, Cyrtomnium, Leucolepsis, Mnium, Orthomnion, Orthomniopsis, Plagiomnium, Pseudobryum, Rhizomnium, Trachycystis. 7112 7135 7131 7130 7152 The genera contained in this family are: Acaulon, Aloina, Aloinella, Anoectangium, Aschisma, Astomum, Barbula, Barnesia, Bellibarbula, Bryoceuthospora, Bryoerythrophyllum, Calyptopogon, Chionoloma, Cinclidotus, Cladophascum, Crossidium, Crumia, Desmatodon, Dialytrichia, Didymodon, Entosthymenium, Erythrophyllopsis, Eucladium, Geheebia, Gertrudiella, Globulinella, Gymnostonum, Gyroweisia, Husnotiella, Hydrogonium, Hymenostonum, Hymenostyliella, Hymenostylium, Hyophila, Hophilopsis, Hypodontium, Kleioweisiopsis, Leptobarbula, Leptodontiella, Leptodontium, Luisierella, Merceyopsis, Molendoa, Morinia, Neohyophila, Oxystegus, Pachyneuropsis, Phasconica, Phascum, Pleurochaete, Pleuroweisia, Pottia, Prionidium, Pseudocrossidium, Pseudosymblepharis, Pterygonerum, Reimersia, Rhamphidium, Rhexophyllum, Sarconeurum, Scopelophila, Sebillea, Semibarbula, Spruceella, Stegonia, Stephanodictyon, Streptcalypta, Streptogon, Streptotrichum, Teniolophora, Tetrapterum, Timmiella, Tisserantiella, Tortella, Tortula, Trachycarpidium, Trichostomopsis, Trichostomum, Tridontium, Triquetrella, Tuerckheimia, Ulea, Uleobryum, Uleopsis, Weisiopsis, Weissia, Willia. 7156 7157 7149 7134 7158 7129 7119 7139 7144 The family of the Bryophyta containing the genera Acanthocladiella, Acanthorrhynchium, Acritodon, Allioniella, Aptychella, Aptychopsis, Brotherella, Cephalocladium, Chinostonium, Clastobryella, Clastobryophilum, Clastobryum, Colobodontium, Foreavella, Gammiella, Glossadelphus, Hageniella, Heterophyllum, Hypnella, Macrohymenium, Mastopoma, Meiotheciopsis, Meiothecium, Neacroporium, Neohypnella, Palisadula, Potanium, Pseudohypnella, Pseudopilecium, Pterogonidium, Pterogoniopsis, Pungentella, Pylaisiadelphus, Pylaisiopsis, Rhapidostichum, Schraderella, Schraderobryum, Schroeterella, Sematophyllum, Strukia, Syringothecium, Taxithelium, Trichosteleum, Trismegistia, Tristichella, Trolliella, Warburgiella, Wijkia, Wijkiella. 7128 7159 7140 The family of the Bryophyta containing the genera Abietinella, Actinothuidium, Anomodon, Boulaya, Bryonoguchia, Claopodium, Haplocladium, Haplohymenium, Helodium, Herpetineuron, Heterocladium, Leptocladium, Leptopterygynandrum, Miyabea, Pelekium, Rauiella, Thuidium. 7114 7160 5154 The class of the Bryophyta containing the order Polytrichales, which contains the Families Polytrichaceae and Dawsoniaceae. 7104 5157 The class of the Bryophyta containing the order Sphagnales. 3478 Also known as Pinophyta, the conifers. Evergreen trees or shrubs, the conifers are the largest of four divisions of the gymnosperms, a term which means 'naked seeds'. The term conifer comes from cone, a cluster of scale-like sporophylls which have pollen sacs on the lower surface. 5129 This family of conifers includes the Araucarias. 6624 8193 8192 6625 8197 8199 8196 8195 8194 8198 6623 5134 This family of conifers includes the Plum-Yews. 6651 8291 8290 5136 This family of conifers includes the Cypresses. 6665 6664 6663 6667 6666 6653 This genus contains intergeneric hybrids between species of Chamaecyparis and those of Cupressus. According to formal nomenclature rules, the name should be written with a hybrid symbol preceding it; x Cupressocyparis. 6671 8299 8295 8294 8298 8293 8297 8296 6662 6673 6661 6672 8311 8310 8312 8309 8308 8307 8306 8305 8303 8304 8302 8301 8300 6669 6668 6660 6659 6658 6657 6656 6670 6655 6654 Genus of conifers native to South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Malawi, also by the common name of cypress pine. 5132 This family of conifers includes the Pines. 6645 Biology of trees of genus Abies (fir). 8285 Commonly known as Silver Fir. 8284 8283 8282 8281 8280 8279 8278 8277 8276 8275 6643 6639 8274 8273 8272 8271 6644 6636 8205 8204 8203 8202 8206 6635 6637 The genus Picea is commonly known as spruce. 8209 Norway spruce. Tree native to northern and central Europe; cultivated in other regions. 8210 Commonly known as White Spruce. 8208 Commonly known as Black Spruce. 8207 Commonly known as Sitka Spruce. 6638 8264 8255 8238 8254 8253 8252 8251 8258 8247 8246 8245 8244 8218 8263 8249 8248 8213 8243 8242 8240 8262 8237 8241 8225 8222 8265 8223 8257 8270 8221 8269 8236 8212 8220 8261 8235 8217 8266 8260 8234 8233 8232 8268 8231 8216 8230 8239 8229 8228 8227 Pinus sabiniana, also known as digger pine, gray pine, foothill pine and bull pine, is a dominant feature of California's Sierra foothills, and is also found in the state's Coast Range. The seeds were an important food source for many Native American groups in California, sometimes collectively referred to as "Digger Indians," leading to one of the tree's common names. The pejorative nature of this name has led many to prefer "gray pine" or one of the other common names. The trees are usually crooked, and tend to split into 2 or more forks. The soft, lightweight wood is not durable and is not suited for lumber applications. Because the wood is full of pitch, it is not recommended for use as firewood due to the danger of chimney fires. Still, the airy and graceful forms of Pinus sabiniana are a found by many to be an attractive contrast to its straight and useful cousins. 8226 8215 8256 8267 8219 8211 8259 8250 8214 8224 6640 6642 6641 5135 This family of conifers includes the Podocarpuses. 6652 8292 5130 Monotypic family formerly included as a genus within Cupressaceae or Taxodiaceae. Sole species is the Japanese umbrella pine, Sciadopitys verticillata. 5133 This family of conifers includes the Yews. 6648 Genus in the yew family with four known species, found in subtropical areas of China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and northeast India. The plants' yewlike leaves are much larger than the leaves of yew. 6647 6646 6650 Members of the Taxus family include taxus canadensis (ground hemlock or Canadian yew), taxus baccata (Eastern yew), taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew), and taxus floridana (Florida yew). 8289 This species is commonly known as the English Yew. 8287 This species is commonly known as the Pacific Yew or Western Yew. 8286 This species is commonly known as the Canada Yew or American Yew. 8288 This species is commonly known as the Florida Yew. 6649 Torreya is a primitive member of the yew family. Seven species are known worldwide: four in China, one in Japan and Korea, one in California, and one in Florida and Georgia. 5131 This family of conifers includes the Redwoods. 6630 6632 6628 6627 6633 6634 6629 6626 6631 8201 8200 3485 Group of coned, seed-bearing plants. Cycads are among the oldest of the land plants. They are known to have lived in the Permian, over 200 million years ago (before the age of dinosaurs) and they covered much of the earth in the Mesozoic Era. Today they are found only in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. There are about 250 species in 11 genera. Cycad plants resemble palms or tree-ferns in overall appearance. 5146 6692 8338 10975 10974 10973 10970 10969 10972 10968 10967 10966 10965 10964 10963 10962 10976 10971 10961 10960 10959 6690 8328 10838 10837 8329 10839 6691 8335 10944 10945 10943 10942 10941 10940 10939 10938 10937 10936 10935 10934 10933 10932 10931 10930 10929 8336 10947 10946 8337 10957 10956 10955 10953 10952 10951 10950 10949 10948 10958 10954 8334 10925 10924 10923 10922 10921 10918 10917 10915 10920 10919 10916 10905 10906 10910 10907 10908 10912 10913 10914 10909 10911 10902 10901 10928 10927 10900 10899 10898 10897 10896 10894 10893 10892 10895 10881 10885 10882 10883 10884 10888 10889 10886 10887 10890 10891 10926 10904 10903 10879 10880 8333 10877 10878 8332 10876 10875 10874 10873 10872 10871 10870 10869 10868 10867 10866 10865 10864 10863 10862 10861 10860 10859 10858 10857 10856 8331 8330 10855 10854 10853 10850 10852 10851 10849 10848 10847 10846 10845 10844 10843 10842 10841 10840 3481 Also known as horsetails. The fossil record of the Equisetophyta dates back to the upper Devonian, with a peak in abundance and diversification during the Carboniferous. Today, Equisetum is the sole extant genus, with approximately 15 species, that are divided into two subgenera, Equisetum and Hippochaete. Equisetum has an underground rhizome from which adventitious roots and an upright, photosynthetic stem with whorls of microphylls grow. 5141 6679 6678 6677 6683 6681 6676 6684 6682 6680 3480 The Ginkgophyta are conifer-like seed plants with fan-shaped leaves. They reached their height of diversity and distribution in the Mesozoic Era. The division has one extant species, Ginkgo biloba, a dioecious tree which can live up to 1000 years, which probably originated about 250 million years ago. 5140 3479 The Gnetophyta are a division of the plant kingdom, included among the gymnosperms. Living representatives are found in 3 families in the Class Gnetopsida, Order Gnetales. These three families are Gnetacaea (Gneturns), Welwitschiaceae (Welwitschia), and the Ephedraceae (Mormon-teas). Each family is represented by just one genus. Subcategories for the Gnetophyta are established at the family level for the Ephedraceae and the genus level for the other representatives. 5137 Mormon-tea or joint-fir family, including one genus, Ephedra. 6674 8316 8315 8314 8313 The plant species that is most commonly used as a source of ephedrine alkaloids for dietary supplements in the United States, also known as ma huang. 8317 5138 6675 5139 3476 The Hepaticophyta or Hepatophyta are more commonly known as the liverworts. These plants can be leafy (resembling mosses) or thallose (as with the hornworts). There are estimated to be between 6000 and 8000 species of liverworts. 5125 5122 The order of the liverworts containing the families Acrobolbaceae, Adelanthaceae, Antheliaceae, Arnelliaceae, Balantiopsidaceae, Blepharidophyllaceae, Blepharostomataceae, Calypogeiaceae, Cephaloziaceae, Cephaloziellaceae, Chaetophyllopsidaceae, Chonecoleaceae, Delavayellaceae, Geocalycaceae, Goebeliellaceae, Gynmomitriaceae, Gyrothyraceae, Herbertaceae, Jackiellaceae, Jubulaceae, Jubulopsidaceae, Jungermanniaceae, Lejeuneaceae, Lepidolaenaceae, Lepidoziaceae, Mastigophoraceae, Perssoniellaceae, Plagiochilaceae, Pleuroziaceae, Phycolepidoziaceae, Porellaceae, Ptilidiaceae, Radulaceae, Scapaniaceae, Schistochilaceae, Trichotemnomaceae, Trichocoleaceae, Vetaformaceae. 6610 6620 The family of the Jungermanniales containing the genera Adelanthus, Calyptrocolea and Wettsteinia. 6605 6603 6596 6608 6607 6606 6617 The family of the Jungermanniales containing the genera Anomylia, Chiloscyphus, Clasmatocolea, Conoscyphus, Evansianthus, Geocalyx, Harpanthus, Hepatostolonophora, Heteroscyphus, Leptophyllopsis, Leptoscyphopsis, Leptoscyphus, Lophocolea, Pachyglossa, Pigafettoa, Platycaulis, Saccogyna, Accogynidium, Tetracymbaliella, Xenocephalozia. 6614 The family of the Jungermanniales containing the genera Acrolophozia, Eremonotus, Gymnomitrion, Herzogobryum, Marsupella, Poeltia, Prasanthus, Stephaniella. 6602 6609 6615 The family of the Jungermanniales containing the genera Amphijubula, Frullania, Jubula, Neohattoria, Perella, Steerea. 6604 6616 The family of the Jungermanniales containing the genera Acanthocoleus, Acantholejeunea, Acrolejeunea, Amblyolejeunea, Amphilejeunea, Aphanolejeunea, Aphanotropis, Archilejeunea, Aureolejeunea, Austrolejeunea, Blepharolejeunea, Brachiolejeunea, Calatholejeunea, Cardiolejeunea, Caudalejeunea, Cephalolejeunea, Ceratolejeunea, Cheilolejeunea, Cladiantholejeunea, Cladocolea, Cladolejeunea, Cololejeunea, Colura, Crossotolejeunea, Cryptolejeunea, Cyclolejeunea, Cyrtolejeunea, Cystolejeunea, Dactylejeunea, Dicranolejeunea, Diplasiolejeunea, Drepanolejeunea, Echinocolea, Echinolejeunea, Haplolejeunea, Harpalejeunea, Hygrolejeunea, Lejeunea, Lepidolejeunea, Leptolejeunea, Leucolejeunea, Lopholejeunea, Macrolejeunea, Marchesinia, Mastigolejeunea, Metzgeriopsis, Myriocolea, Myriocoleopsis, Nephelolejeunea, Neurolejeunea, Nipponolejeunea, Odontolejeunea, Omphalanthus, Opthalmolejeunea, Phaeolejeunea, Physantholejeunea, Pictolejeunea, Potamolejeunea, Prionolejeunea, Ptycanthus, Pycnolejeunea, Rectolejeunea, Rhaphidolejeunea, Schifferiolejeunea, Siphonolejeunea, Sphaerolejeunea, Spruceanthus, Stenolejeunea, Stictolejeunea, Symbiezidium, Taxilejeunea, Thyisananthus, Trachygyna, Trachylejeunea, Tuyamaella, Tuzibeanthus, Verdoornianthus. 6618 The family of the Jungermanniales containing the genera Acromastigum, Arachniopsis, Bazzania, Chloranthelia, Drucella, Hygrolembidium, Isolembidium, Kurzia, Lembidium, Lepidozia, Mastigopelma, Megalembidium, Micropterygium, Mytilopsis, Neogrollea, Odontoseries, Paracromastgum, Protochephalozia, Pseudocephalozia, Psiloclada, Pteropsiella, Sprucella, Telaranea, Zoopsidella, Zoopsis. 6597 6613 The family of the Jungermanniales containing the genera Acrochila, Chiastacaulon, Pedinophyllum, Plagiochila, Plagiochilidium, Plagiochilon, Rhodoplagiochila, Syzgiella, Xenochila. 6601 6599 6600 6619 6612 The family of the Jungermanniales containing the genera Diplophyllum, Douinia and Scapania. 6611 The family of the Jungermanniales contining the genera Brachygyna, Eotricholea and Trichocolea. 6598 5119 The order of the liverworts containing the families Aitchisoniellaceae, Aytoniaceae, Cleveaceae, Conocephalaceae, Corsiniaceae, Exormothecaceae, Lunulariaceae, Marchantiaceae, Monocarpaceae, Monoseleniaceae, Oxymitriaceae, Ricciaceae, Targioniaceae, Wiesnerellaceae. 6578 6575 6584 6582 6577 6581 6580 6579 6583 6576 5121 The order of the Hepatophyta containing the families Allisonaceae, Aneuraceae, Brasiaceae, Fossombroniaceae, Hymenophytaceae, Makinoaceae, Metzgeriaceae, Pallaviciniaceae, Pelliaceae, Phyllothalliaceae, Treubiitaceae. 6590 6593 6594 6591 6588 6589 6592 6595 The family containing the genera Noterocladia and Pellia. 5123 5120 The order of the liverworts containing the families Riellaceae, Sphaerocarpaceae. 6586 6587 6585 The family of liverworts containing the genera Geothallus and Sphaerocarpus. 5124 3483 The lycophytes are the oldest extant lineage of vascular plants and contains the club mosses and quillworts. As with the ferns, the gametophytic stage of growth is small and inconspicuous, with the sporophyte being the dominant stage of growth. Extant species are small and herbaceous, however, the fossil records show that many of their ancestors were trees. 5145 6688 8326 6689 8327 5144 6686 8319 8318 6687 8321 8320 8324 8325 10836 10835 10834 8323 8322 3486 The Magnoliophyta is the largest plant group on Earth, containing more than 250,000 described species. The Magnoliophyta is subdivided into two classes, Liliopsida (monocots) and Magnoliopsida (dicots). Plants in this division are also termed the Angiosperms, or flowering plants. They have leaves, stems, roots, and vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). The ovules develop into seeds and are enclosed within an ovary, thus the term angiosperm, meaning "enclosed seed". The flowering plants include all cereal grains, grasses, broad-leaved shrubs and trees and most ornamentals. 5148 7052 9639 11139 11138 11140 9635 9638 9633 9634 9637 9636 7070 9851 9848 9847 genus Damasonium ; family Alismataceae 9850 9846 genus Luronium ; family Alismataceae 9849 9845 genus Wiesneria ; family Alismataceae 7036 The Allicaeae are a plant family that includes onions and garlic. 9576 11133 Information about Allium cepa (Onions). 7037 9577 7063 9761 9760 Amaryllis L. is a genus of showy tropical and subtropical bulbous plants. 9762 9763 9764 9759 9758 9757 9746 Galanthus L. is a temperate Old World genus of bulbous plants, often grown for ornament. 9756 9747 Hippeastrum is a genus of bulbous plants of the Americas, many of which were once listed under the genus Amaryllis. 9755 9749 9754 9753 9752 9751 9748 9750 7067 7043 9604 9602 9601 9600 9599 9605 9609 9584 9585 9603 9606 9598 9597 9583 9596 9595 9608 9607 9594 9593 9592 9591 9582 9590 9589 9588 9587 9586 7078 9926 9900 9927 9925 9924 9923 9922 9921 9928 9912 9920 9908 9907 9906 9919 9910 9918 9917 9916 9909 9915 9905 9904 9911 9914 9929 9903 9913 9902 9901 7030 7061 9741 9740 9739 9743 9738 9742 9737 9736 9735 9734 9733 9732 9731 9745 9744 7029 9568 7071 9853 9852 7050 9623 7042 7059 9726 9718 9725 9724 9723 9722 9721 9727 9720 9719 7064 7044 9610 7048 9621 9620 7027 7066 Sedges. There are approximately 120 recognized genera of Cyperaceae, and about 5,000 recognized species. They are found in nearly every terrestrial environment, but are most common in wetlands. 9765 Club rushes. 9774 9777 11148 11144 11147 11146 11145 9767 This genus includes sawgrass and twig rush species. 9779 9769 Sedges of the genus Dulichium. 9778 9768 Cotton grasses. Generally distinguished from other Cyperaceae by monomorphic spirally-arranged flattened or roundish scales, achenes without tubercles, and abundant perianth bristles which greatly exceed the scales. 9766 Umbrella sedges. 9772 9775 9776 9771 Bulrushes. 9770 Nut rushes. Generally distinguished from other Cyperaceae by dimorphic spikelets and achenes which are naked, exposed, bony, spherical to ovoid and white, grayish or buff. 9773 7032 9571 9570 7035 9575 11132 11131 11130 9574 7026 7025 9566 7021 9564 9565 7020 7076 9857 9856 7038 A small family of the American tropics comprised of one genus (Heliconia) and 120+ species. 7045 9616 9615 9611 9612 9614 9613 7039 9578 7068 9793 9792 9791 9781 9783 9790 9789 9782 9794 11149 9788 9787 9786 9785 9780 9784 7058 9717 9716 7049 9622 7024 7072 9854 9855 7069 9824 9802 9821 11153 11152 11151 11150 9803 9835 9838 9837 9840 9798 9815 9834 9816 9797 9807 9841 9836 9814 9825 9839 9826 9844 9799 9817 9796 9818 9795 Hemerocallis L. is a genus of about 15 species of herbaceous perennials from central and east Asia. Commonly known in English as 'day lilies'. 9819 9828 9801 9820 Lilium L. is a genus of bulbous perennials, of the temperate and subtropical northern hemisphere. It is cultivated for the showy flowers. 9810 9829 9822 9842 9827 Grape hyacinth, commonly cultivated ornamental bulbs. 9811 9830 9805 9800 9812 9823 9831 9832 9843 9833 9813 9809 9808 9804 9806 7023 7022 7057 9715 9714 9713 7046 9617 7056 9712 11141 The most commonly grown species, producing the common banana. Correctly it is Musa x paradisiaca. 11142 This is a banana species of the eastern Himalaya region. 7019 7055 9642 9697 9644 9703 9643 9699 9702 9685 9686 9690 9687 9688 9689 9693 9694 9695 9698 9691 9692 9696 9700 9656 9674 9684 9708 9648 9672 9675 9646 9670 9676 9677 9678 9679 9680 9669 9671 9681 9682 9683 9657 9709 9710 9711 9707 9673 9706 9705 9668 9701 9667 9647 9664 9663 9666 9665 9662 9660 9659 9658 9661 9704 9655 9645 9654 9653 9652 9651 9650 9649 7047 9618 9619 7018 7028 9567 7017 7077 The grass family, alternative name Gramineae. 9894 9891 9872 9890 9887 9888 9873 9879 9870 Avena L. is a temperate grass genus, that includes the cultivated oat plant. 9886 9871 9884 9861 9885 9883 9899 9869 9860 9893 9868 9867 Fescue grasses. 9896 9881 9882 9874 9880 9866 Lolium L. is a small genus of grass species from temperate Asia and Europe, generally called ryegrass (though it should not be confused with the grain crop rye). It is important for forage and as a lawn and sports turf grass. 9895 9858 9877 A genus of grass. The name comes from the Greek micros (small) and stege (a roof or cover), alluding to small lemmas. 9878 9865 9897 The genus Oryza L. is a group of grasses from tropical Asia, one of which has been cultivated as rice. 9859 9892 9889 9864 9875 9898 Sorghum Moench. contains several species of grasses native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of the Old World, one of which is important as a cereal crop. 9863 9876 The genus Triticum L. consists of wild and cultivated forms of wheat, originating in the Old World. 9862 Zea L. is a genus of one or very few species from tropical America. It has given rise to the cereal known as corn or Indian corn in north America, and as maize in other parts of the world. 7060 9730 11143 9729 9728 7053 9640 7016 7065 7015 7014 9563 7013 7054 9641 7040 9580 The Traveler's-palm of Madagascar. 9579 7031 9569 7012 7062 7073 7041 9581 7034 9573 7033 9572 7074 7051 9630 9632 9629 9624 9628 9627 9626 9631 11137 11136 11134 11135 9625 7075 5147 The dicots or broad-leaved plants. 6859 8613 8612 8603 8602 8611 8614 8600 8610 8609 8608 8601 8607 8606 8605 8599 8604 8615 6958 9109 The maple genus (trees and some shrubs). 11075 This species is commonly known as Vine Maple. 11083 This species is commonly known as Rocky Mountain Maple. 11082 This species is commonly known as Big Leaf Maple. 11081 This species is commonly known as Boxelder. 11074 This species is commonly known as Black Maple. 11077 This species is commonly known as Striped Maple. 11080 This species is commonly known as Red Maple. 11079 This species is commonly known as Silver Maple. 11078 This species is commonly known as Sugar Maple. 11076 This species is commonly known as Mountain Maple. 9108 6897 6896 6719 6737 6736 6863 8721 8720 8719 8718 8717 8716 8715 8714 8713 8712 8711 8710 8709 8708 8707 8706 8705 8704 8703 8702 8701 8694 8693 8700 8699 8698 8697 8695 8696 6735 6924 6734 6733 6861 8626 8631 8623 8627 8624 8630 8628 8629 8625 6732 6781 8417 6963 9138 9136 9137 9135 9141 9133 9140 Genus commonly known as sumac. 9132 9134 9139 The related species known as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. Formerly classified in genus Rhus. 6731 6945 9032 11006 9029 9031 Temperate and subtropical trees and shrubs, whose most notable member is the edible fruit tree known as the pawpaw. 11005 American pawpaw. 9030 9028 7007 9341 9351 9343 9350 9344 9346 9345 9349 9338 9356 9353 9340 9348 9354 9352 9347 9339 9342 9355 6857 8581 8578 8583 8563 8577 8565 8564 8580 8582 8567 8579 8568 8576 8575 8574 8573 8566 8572 8571 8570 8569 8562 6739 Small family of parasitic herbs of the tropics. 6889 8858 6894 8868 8874 8881 8876 8883 8872 8871 8875 8870 8882 8869 8880 8877 8873 8867 8878 8879 6874 8766 8765 8764 6869 The Asclepiadaceae comprise about 250 genera and 2,000 species. The family members are mostly herbs and shrubs. A characteristic of the family is a white sap ("milk"). Many plants in the family lianous. Some are cactuslike succulents with reduced leaves. 8744 The common name of many species in this genus is "milkweed." 10981 This species is commonly known as Swamp Milkweed. 10980 This species is commonly known as Butterfly Milkweed. 8735 8743 8742 8741 8740 8739 8738 8737 8736 7008 9423 9413 9415 9389 9422 9414 9382 9369 9374 9421 9373 9370 9417 9383 9366 9420 9395 11120 Known to scientists as Centaurea solsitialis, yellow starthistle is considered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to be among the top 10 worst weeds in several western states and covers tens of millions of acres. It can kill horses that eat it, and other livestock will eat only small portions of very young plants. The weed displaces other plants as it spreads, and turns prime grazing land into worthless weed pastures. 9392 9419 9363 9418 9398 9397 9410 9371 9357 9376 9378 9362 9379 9411 9409 9408 9407 9427 9396 9393 9425 9406 9386 Helianthus L. is a New World genus of around 100 species, grown for flower, seed, and tubers. 9377 9387 9428 9358 This genus includes the hawkweeds. 9359 9405 9404 9401 9384 9394 9416 9372 9375 9390 9400 9361 9429 Grass-leaved Golden-Asters. 9364 9365 9399 11123 11122 11121 9424 9412 9380 9360 9368 9426 11124 Dandelion. 9391 9385 9388 9367 9403 9402 9381 6730 6944 6729 6728 6998 9296 6916 8926 6987 9244 9243 6991 9254 6809 8513 8512 6943 9027 9025 9026 6965 9148 11109 11108 11107 11106 11110 This species is commonly known as Speckled Alder. 11105 11104 9147 11102 This American birch is usually called the yellow birch. 11099 This species is commonly known as Sweet Birch, Black Birch, or Cherry Birch. 11098 This species is commonly known as River Birch. 11097 This species is commonly known as Water Birch. 11100 This is the paper birch, most of whose range is in Canada where it forms part of the northernmost forests. 11103 This tree is the commonest birch of northern Europe, and is often called the silver birch. 11101 This is the Gray birch of eastern North America, ranging from Nova Scotia to the Carolinas. 9146 11096 Carpinus betulus L. is the European hornbeam. Names in other languages include charme, carpino, hagebuche, charmille. 11095 This is the American hornbeam, native to east north America. 9149 9145 The Ostrya genus is commonly known as the hop-hornbeams, because of the resemblance of the fruit to the flower of the hop (Humulus). Native to the temperate north hemisphere. 6966 9167 9151 9170 9150 9166 9169 9165 9164 9152 9163 9162 9161 9160 9159 9158 9168 9157 9153 9156 9155 9154 6959 9110 6996 9293 9289 9292 9284 9287 9291 9285 9286 9288 9294 9290 6727 6995 9272 9275 9279 9283 9274 9273 9277 9278 9282 9281 9280 9276 7011 9554 9548 9561 9553 9551 9552 9550 9556 9562 9549 9555 9557 9560 9559 9558 6726 6725 6724 6723 6953 Butterfly bushes. 6990 9253 9252 6989 9251 9250 9249 6722 6917 8931 8927 8930 8929 8928 6890 8859 8860 6862 8684 8634 8685 8686 8687 8659 Saguaro. 8689 8688 Genus of cacti; perhaps the best-known representative is Cereus giganteus, the Saguaro cactus of the Sonoran Desert region of North America (also classified as Carnegiea gigantea). 8690 8691 8670 8683 8692 8680 8663 8664 8682 8674 8672 8673 8675 8681 8676 8677 8669 8668 8667 8646 8645 8666 8640 8671 8665 8639 8632 8658 8644 8647 8657 8661 8679 8660 8656 8655 8654 8643 8653 8652 8651 8650 10979 10978 10977 8649 8648 8633 8642 8641 8638 8678 8662 8637 8636 8635 6778 8392 8386 8388 8394 8391 8383 8396 8382 8385 8393 8395 8384 8390 8387 8389 6913 8921 6993 9266 9265 6715 6994 9269 9267 9268 9270 9271 6714 6872 The Cannabaceae family includes Humulus and Cannabis. The links presented here in the taxonomic tree are educational and scientific in nature. 8761 Cannabis sativa L., varieties of which are more commonly known as marijuana, hemp, and industrial hemp, is a very controversial plant. The links presented here in the taxonomic tree are educational and scientific in nature. Please look in the subcategories for additional links in the Open Directory Project. 8762 10982 Humulus lupulus L., common hop, hops, is one of the main flavoring ingredients in beer. The links presented here in the taxonomic tree are educational and scientific in nature. 6713 6972 9198 9199 9197 6967 9174 9173 9172 9176 9175 9171 9177 7006 9337 9336 6712 6711 7005 9332 9333 9334 9331 9329 9330 9335 9328 6867 8733 6888 8854 8857 8855 8856 8853 6710 6997 9295 6709 6920 8934 8933 8940 8938 8937 8936 8939 8935 6878 8790 7000 9309 6960 9112 9111 6708 7002 9318 9319 6932 8964 6962 9131 6707 6988 9245 9248 9246 9247 6900 8888 6984 9232 9231 9225 9229 9230 9233 9228 9227 9226 6856 8561 6968 9178 9180 9181 9179 6922 8942 6816 8543 8542 8541 8540 8539 8538 8537 8536 8535 8534 8533 8532 6706 6705 6811 Biology of the plant family that includes gourds, pumpkins, cucumbers, melons, and squash. 8526 8514 8515 8522 8523 8525 8524 8518 8516 8521 8519 8520 8517 6704 6703 6702 6701 8341 6740 Small family of parasitic herbs in the Rafflesiales. 6720 6810 6855 6854 6853 6852 6717 8342 6851 6864 8723 8722 6850 6982 9221 9220 6849 6902 8890 8891 6848 6980 9215 9214 6847 6951 9058 A primarily tropical group whose members include tropical ebony trees as well as the temperate fruit trees known as Asian and American persimmons. 9057 6787 8454 6918 6845 6844 6907 6946 9036 9043 9034 9049 Genus of 15 species of trees and shrubs of the Americas. 9037 9044 9035 9045 9038 9042 9040 9047 9033 9041 9046 9039 9048 6843 6975 9203 6842 6948 9051 6798 6961 9125 9130 9117 9124 9114 9116 9123 9122 9113 9129 9121 9115 9128 9127 9120 9126 9119 9118 6841 6873 8763 7010 Also called Leguminosae, the legume family. One of the largest families of flowering plants. The traditional large family is sometimes split into three: Fabaceae - flowers zygomorphic (with bilateral symmetry) and papilionaceous (have banner, wing, and keel petals). Banner positioned outside wings; keel petals fused. Includes most important legume crops, including beans and peas. Caesalpiniaceae - flowers zygomorphic and may be papilionaceous. Banner positioned within wings; keel petals unfused. Includes Cercis (redbud). Mimosaceae - flowers actinomorphic (with radial symmetry), usually borne in dense clusters and having showy stamens. Includes Acacia, Albizia, and Mimosa. The taxonomy at dmoz.org follows this split and defines the Fabaceae narrowly - see the related links for the Caesalpiniaceae and Mimosaceae. 9528 9541 9514 9540 9535 9539 9543 Arachis L. is a genus of herbaceous plants which includes the peanut or groundnut, as well as forage crops. 9536 9504 9519 9512 9520 9511 9505 9525 9510 9526 Tropical trees with dense wood. Common names include rosewood and blackwood. 9509 9518 9532 9544 9522 9517 9524 9521 The genus Lens Moench. contains the edible common lentil and around 6 related species, from Western Asia and the Mediterranean region. 9545 9515 Genus lupine. 9542 9527 9547 9533 9534 9529 9531 9530 9508 9516 11129 Robinia pseudoacacia L. is commonly known as locust tree, black locust, false acacia, and acacia. Native to east North America. 9507 9538 9546 9506 9503 9523 9537 9513 6954 9064 The chestnut genus. 11053 American chestnut. 11051 This chestnut tree, often called Chinese Chestnut, is native to China and Korea. 11050 Allegheny Chinkapin 11052 This is the sweet chestnut tree, native to southern Europe and west Asia. 9061 9063 Fagus is the scientific name of the tree genus commonly known as "beech." 11049 11048 9060 9065 Nothofagus is a genus of trees found (in living form and as fossils) on the southern continents that were formerly joined as Gondwanaland. Collectively, Nothofagus species are known as the "Southern Beeches." 9062 Quercus is the genus of the tree commonly known as oak. The trees are characterised by their fruit, 'acorns'. There are around 100 species, found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere, with the distribution extending into the northern tropics. 11037 Commonly known as Coast Live Oak. 11038 Commonly known as White Oak. 11036 Commonly known as Arizona White Oak or Arizona Oak. 11035 Commonly known as Swamp White Oak. 11033 This species is commonly known as the Canyon Live Oak or Canyon Oak. 11032 This species is commonly known as the Scarlet Oak. 11044 This species, Q. douglasii Hook. & Arn., is the blue oak of California. 11018 This species is commonly known as Northern Pin Oak. 11031 This species is commonly known as the Emory Oak. 11023 This species is commonly known as Southern Red Oak. Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata) has been divided into two varieties: the typical Southern Red Oak (Q. falcata var. falcata) and Cherrybark Oak (Q. falcata var. pagodifolia). 11025 This species is commonly known as Gambel Oak. 11042 This is the Oregon white oak. 11039 Commonly known as Gray Oak. 11041 Q. ilex L. is the holm oak or holly oak, an evergreen tree native to southern Europe. 11024 This species is commonly known as California Black Oak. 11030 This species is commonly known as the Turkey Oak, Catesby Oak, or Scrub Oak. 11022 This species is commonly known as Laurel Oak. 11040 Q. lobata Nee. is the valley oak or white oak of California and nearby regions. 11026 This species is commonly known as Overcup Oak. 11043 This species is commonly known as Bur Oak. 11021 This species is commonly known as Blackjack Oak. 11020 This species is commonly known as Swamp Chestnut Oak or Basket Oak. 11019 This species is commonly known as Chinkapin Oak. 11027 This species is commonly know as Willow Oak. 11016 This species is commonly known as Chestnut Oak. 11047 Quercus robur L. is a native of Europe and western Asia. In Britain it is usually called the common oak or the pedunculate oak, and in North America it is called the English oak. 11045 Q. rubra (Q. borealis) is one of the red oaks of eastern north America. 11017 This species is commonly known as Post Oak. 11046 Q. suber L. is the cork oak, a native of southern Europe. 11028 This species is commonly known as Shrub Live Oak. 11029 This species is commonly known as Black Oak. 11034 This species is commonly known as the Live Oak. 7004 9322 9327 9325 9321 9320 9324 9323 9326 6812 8527 6840 8559 6839 6923 8943 6836 6800 8492 8493 8494 8495 8490 8491 6799 8489 8488 6910 8917 8916 8915 8914 8904 8913 8912 8911 8910 8909 8908 8907 8906 8905 6912 8920 6835 6904 8895 6834 6785 6833 6790 8462 8463 6971 Witch-hazel family. 9195 9194 9196 6881 8814 6926 8945 6830 6952 9059 11013 This species is commonly known as the California Buckeye. 11015 This species is commonly known as Yellow Buckeye. 11012 This species is commonly known as the Ohio Buckeye. 11011 This species is commonly known as Horse Chestnut. 11014 This species is commonly known as Red Buckeye. 11010 This species is commonly known as Painted Buckeye. 6829 6828 6827 6826 6825 6795 8485 8483 8482 8484 8481 6977 9211 6718 8343 6824 6893 8866 6823 6964 9143 11091 This species is commonly known as Water Hickory. 11093 This species is commonly known as Southern Shagbark Hickory or Carolina Shagbark Hickory. 11092 This species is commonly known as Bitternut Hickory. 11094 This species is commonly known as Pignut Hickory. 11090 This species is commonly known as the Pecan or Pecan Hickory. 11089 This species is commonly known as Shellbark Hickory or Kingnut Hickory. 11088 This species is commonly known as Shagbark Hickory. 9142 11087 11086 11085 11084 This tree is native to western Asia, from Turkey to Afghanistan. It is called the common walnut in Britain, and the English walnut or Persian walnut in the Americas. 9144 Pterocarya is a genus of trees commonly known as "wingnuts". 6822 6821 6820 6819 7009 9466 A genus in the Lamiaceae family which is native to California. 9441 9468 Sites which have materials related to the genera Agastache 9472 9438 9458 A taxonomic key for the genus Anisochilus. 9499 9457 9434 9445 9435 9474 9450 9444 9488 A genus of some 60 annuals and perennials which recently were taxonomically placed in the genus Solenostemon, but retained the name Coleus as a common name. 9443 9455 9496 9442 9467 9501 9470 9433 9432 9465 9431 9430 9462 9449 9464 9461 9459 A taxonomic key, distribution, and ecology of species in this genus. 9448 9454 9498 Lavandula L. is a genus of small shrubs, subshrubs and herbs native to the warm temperate parts of the old world. They are found from the Canary Islands, through southern Europe and north and east Africa, to India. Many species are strongly aromatic. Commonly known as lavender. 11125 This is the plant commonly grown as lavender. It exists in many cultivated forms. 9497 9453 9480 9469 9452 9475 9495 9451 9437 9473 9471 9502 Genus in the mint family that includes catnip. 9494 9493 9463 a genus of Lamiaceae commonly known as Cat's Whiskers 9440 9477 9478 9447 9456 9492 9476 9491 9490 9446 9489 9500 11126 Salvia officinalis L. is the common cultivated sage, originating in southern Europe. 11127 Salvia pratensis L. is a herbaceous perennial of Europe. 11128 Salvia sclarea L. is also called clary, and is a shortlived herbaceous species from the Old World. 9439 9487 9436 9460 9486 9485 9479 9484 9483 9482 9481 6886 6941 9003 9007 9008 9009 This genus includes the spicebushes. 9005 9006 9004 6981 9218 9216 9217 9219 6818 6716 6817 6838 8558 6794 8479 8480 6743 6929 8958 6797 8486 8487 6744 6808 8511 6906 8897 8896 8898 8899 6927 8948 8947 8949 8946 6738 8377 8376 8375 8374 8373 8372 8371 8370 8369 8368 8378 8367 8379 8366 8365 8364 8363 8362 8361 8360 8359 8358 8357 8356 8355 8354 8353 8352 8351 8350 8349 8348 8347 8346 8345 6992 Loosestrife family. 9256 9261 9264 9260 9259 9258 9255 9263 9262 9257 6970 9193 9192 11118 11117 9191 6745 6915 8925 8923 8922 8924 6957 9105 9104 9107 Gossypium L. is a genus of shrubs and herbs. Cotton has long been harvested from some species. 9103 9106 9100 9102 9099 9098 9101 6978 9212 6908 8900 6746 6747 6793 8477 8476 8475 8470 8474 8473 8472 8469 8478 8471 6937 8985 8986 8984 8981 8982 8983 6933 8965 6885 8846 8849 8850 8848 8847 6880 8813 8805 8812 8811 8810 8809 8808 8804 8807 8806 6748 6741 Monogeneric family of parasitic herbs in the Rafflesiales. 6749 8380 6935 8974 8973 8968 8970 8975 10998 10997 10996 11000 10995 11001 10999 8972 8971 8969 6750 6805 8507 6895 8884 6911 8918 8919 6868 8734 6921 8941 6751 6801 8498 8496 8497 6879 8791 8800 8803 10993 10994 10992 10991 10983 10990 10989 10988 10987 10986 10985 10984 8799 8798 8797 8796 8795 8794 8793 8792 8802 8801 6791 8464 6973 9200 6914 6865 8724 8726 8728 8727 8725 6891 8862 8864 8863 8861 6887 8852 8851 6979 9213 6753 6721 8344 6969 9186 9182 9183 9187 11113 11111 Fraxinus excelsior L. is the common ash tree of Europe. 11112 9189 11116 11115 9190 9184 9188 11114 Olea europea L. is the cultivated olive tree of the Mediterranean region and nearby areas. 9185 6752 6806 8508 Fuchsia L. is a genus of shrubs from tropical and southern America, and the south Pacific. 8510 8509 6693 6694 6831 8545 8544 6930 8959 8960 6695 6928 8953 8957 8952 8955 8950 8956 8951 8954 6813 8528 6909 8903 8901 8902 6696 6697 6699 6898 8886 8885 6698 6866 8732 8729 8731 8730 6876 8786 8787 6777 8381 6832 8546 6947 The only genus in this family is Platanus, sycamore or plane-tree. 9050 The genus Platanus L. contains around 8 species of trees, in the north temperate regions, and extending south to Indochina. Common names in English are plane, sycamore, in other languages platane, chenar. 11009 Platanus x acerifolia, is commonly called the London plane, and is probably a hybrid between the Oriental and American planes. 11008 This species is native to eastern United States, and is called the sycamore in North America, also sometimes called the western, American, or Occidental plane. 11007 Websites about P. orientalis L., the oriental plane of south Europe and West Asia. 6983 9222 9224 9223 6757 6789 8460 8458 8456 8457 8461 8459 6934 8967 8966 6985 9242 9234 9241 9235 9240 9239 9237 11119 Polygonum cuspidatum is also known as Fallopia japonica. A common vernacular name is Japanese Knotweed. 9238 9236 6860 8622 8621 8620 8617 8619 8616 8618 7001 9311 9315 9312 9317 9316 9314 9313 9310 6786 8451 8452 8450 8449 8447 8446 8453 8448 8445 6779 8397 6792 8467 8468 8465 8466 6756 6788 8455 6942 9021 9011 9018 9017 9016 9022 9012 9014 9015 11004 9013 9023 9019 9010 9024 Genus whose species are often referred to as globeflowers. 9020 6804 8506 6870 8747 8745 8751 8750 8748 8749 8746 8752 8753 6783 8441 8442 Rhizophora is a small genus of tropical trees and shrubs, including the mangrove. 6755 6955 9073 9095 9072 9071 9067 9077 9094 9074 9066 9083 9082 9079 Fragaria is the genus of plants commonly known as strawberries. 9078 9076 9093 9086 The genus Mespilus currently contains the medlar, a fruiting plant commonly cultivated in medieval Europe but now relatively rare. It may also contain Stern's medlar, an extremely rare plant native to a single plot in Arkansas discovered in 1996. The allocation of Stern's medlar to the genus is controversial. 9075 9090 9092 9081 9087 9085 9070 9080 9089 The genus Rosa contains over 200 species. 11072 11070 11069 11068 11067 11073 11066 11065 11071 11064 11063 11062 11061 11060 11059 11058 11057 11056 11055 11054 9088 9069 9068 9084 9091 6782 8435 8434 8439 8440 8433 8438 8432 8437 8431 8430 8429 8436 8428 8427 8421 8426 8425 8422 8418 8424 8423 8420 8419 6875 8768 8767 8784 8781 8780 8783 Citrus L. is a genus of small trees and shrubs, evergreen and often spiny, with aromatic leaves and fragrant flowers. Cultivated for their fruit. From tropical Asia. 8769 8785 8773 8772 8775 8779 8778 8771 8782 Poncirus Raf. is genus with one small tree species, from China. It is closely related to Citrus and was formerly included in it. 8770 8777 8774 8776 6754 6759 6956 9096 9097 6760 6700 8339 8340 6858 8597 8598 8584 8592 8596 8590 8595 8591 8594 8589 8593 8587 8586 8588 8585 6803 8503 8505 8504 8502 6919 8932 6742 6974 9201 9202 6877 8789 8788 6837 8555 8552 8550 8549 8548 8556 8557 8553 8547 8551 8554 6892 8865 6884 Plant family, consisting mostly of herbs or sometimes small shrubs/trees/lianas, comprising about 190 genera and 4,000 predominately temperate species, including many which are partial root parasites and a few that are without chlorophyll and are wholly parasitic. 8821 8824 8836 8835 8844 8819 8839 8838 8826 8843 8822 8834 8842 8833 8818 8832 8841 8840 8831 8830 8845 Tree of the family Scrophulariaceae, native of Asia. Cultivated for its attractive flowers, fast growth, and wood. 8837 8829 8820 8817 Witchweed. 8828 8827 8825 8823 6761 6762 6936 8980 11002 Tree-of-heaven, ailanthus altissima, also known as ailanthus, Chinese sumac, and stinking shumac, is a rapidly growing, deciduous tree in the mostly tropical quassia family (Simaroubaceae). Native to central China, it has adapted well in the United States, becoming known as an invasive pest. 8976 8978 8977 8979 6780 8415 8412 8411 8414 8410 8413 8409 8400 8408 8407 8406 8405 8404 Nicotiana L. is a genus of over a hundred plants, mostly herbaceous, and mostly from the New World. 8398 8399 8403 8416 8402 8401 6899 8887 6763 6764 6796 6765 6986 6976 9209 9208 9205 9204 9206 9207 9210 6766 6767 6905 6802 8501 Includes 3 species, all found in the southeastern United States. 8500 8499 6768 6950 9056 6769 6770 6771 6949 9055 9054 9052 9053 6772 6901 8889 6784 8444 8443 6773 6938 8990 8988 8989 8991 8987 6807 6883 6774 6775 6882 8816 8815 6846 8560 6814 8529 6939 The elm family. Included in the Hamamelidae. Woody plants, including elm and hackberry. Found primarily in Europe and North America. 8994 8992 8993 Genus elm. 11003 The American elm. 8995 6871 8760 8755 8759 8758 8754 8757 8756 6903 8893 8892 8894 6999 9307 9297 9298 9306 9305 9304 9303 9302 9301 9300 9308 9299 6815 8530 8531 7003 The mistletoe family. 6940 8996 8997 9000 8999 9001 8998 9002 6776 6758 6925 8944 6931 8962 8961 8963 3487 Also known as the Pteridopsida, or the ferns. These plants have a reduced gametophytic stage, with the sporophytic stage of growth being dominant in the life cycle. The ferns still produce spores like mosses, however, they have specialised vascular tissue (xylem and phloem ) as seen in the angiosperms. Ferns are characterised by spore-producing megaphylls ("fronds") arising from a stem. The stem can vary from a horizontal, underground rhizome to tall and trunk-like. The division Polypodiophyta contains three orders, the Ophioglossales, Marattiales and the Filicales. 5149 7079 9931 9930 5152 7083 9938 9937 5150 7080 9932 9933 9934 5153 7097 This family of ferns is often called the maiden hair fern family. Fern families are not well defined. Those genera listed in the family by RBG, Kew (see this category) are to be found here. 9982 Anything about member(s) of the genus - images, taxonomy, distribution, cultivation, scientific studies, etc. 11159 Pages about ferns of this species. 11164 11163 11165 11160 11162 11161 9981 Ferns of the genus Aspidotis (Nutt. ex Hook.) Copel. 9980 Ferns in the genus Austrogramme E.Fourn. 9979 Ferns of the genus Cheilanthes Sw. 9978 7092 9971 9968 11157 9970 11158 9969 7100 For this directory Aspleniaceae is considered to consist of those genera listed by RBG, Kew (see this category). Based on usage, Loxoscaphe and Phyllitis, considered as synonyms within Asplenium in the Kew list, have there own sub-categories here but they are also cross linked with Asplenium. 9993 9990 9989 9988 9991 9992 9987 7088 9961 11156 9963 9962 7087 9960 7089 Ferns of this family as recognised by Royal Botanic Garden, Kew. 7094 9974 9973 9975 Species of this genus of tree ferns, family Cyatheaceae. Often considered a sub-genus of Cyathea. 7085 Family circumscribed in vascular plant families and genera at www.rbgkew.org.uk (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). 9942 Ferns of the genus Davallia Sm. including Parestia C.Presl, Stenolobus C.Presl and Wibelia Bernh. 9941 Ferns of the genus Davallodes (Copel.) Copel. 9943 Ferns of the genus Humata Cav. including Pachypleuria (C.Presl) C.Presl and Pteroneura Fee 9940 Ferns of the genus Leucostegia C.Presl 9939 Ferns of the genus Scyphularia Fee 7086 9959 Ferns of the genus Blotiella R.M. Tryon 9958 Ferns of the genus Dennstaedtia Bernh. including: Adectum Link; Costaricia H.Christ; Emodiopteris Ching & S.K.Wu; Litolobium Newman; Paradennstaedtia Tagawa; Patania C.Prel; Sitolobium Desv. 11155 9957 Ferns of the genus Histiopteris (J.Agardh) J.Sm. including Lepidocaulon Copel. 9956 Ferns of the genus Hypolepis Bernh. 9955 Ferns of the genus Lindsaea Dryand. ex Sm. including: Guerinia J.Sm.; Humblotiella Tardieu; Isoloma J.Sm.; Lindsaenium Fee; Odontoloma J.Sm.; Sambirania Tardieu; Schizolegnia Alston; Schizoloma Gaudich.; Synaphlebium J.Sm. 9954 Ferns of the genus Lonchitis L. including Anisosorus Trevis. ex Maxon 9953 Ferns of the genus Microlepia C.Presl including: Fuziifilix Nakai & Momose; Scyphofilix Thouars; Scypholepia J.Sm.; Scyphopteris Raf. 9952 Ferns of the genus Odontosoria Fee including Lindsaeopsis Kuhn 9951 Ferns of the genus Oenotrichia Copel. 9950 Ferns of the genus Ormoloma Maxon 9949 Ferns of the genus Orthiopteris Copel. 9948 Ferns of the genus Paesia A.St.-Hil. 9947 Ferns of the genus Pteridium Gled. ex Scop. including: Cincinalis Gled.; Eupteris Newman; Filix Ludw.; Filix-foemina Hill ex Farw.; Ornithopteris (J.Agardh) J.Sm. 11154 9946 Ferns of the genus Saccoloma Kaulf. including Ithycaulon Copel.; Neuropteris Desv. 9945 Ferns of the genus Sphenomeris Maxon including Stenoloma Fee 9944 Ferns of the genus Tapeinidium (C.Presl) C.Chr. including: Protolindsaya Copel.; Wibelia Fee 7098 7103 Ferns of this family as recognised by RBG, Kew. 7084 Ferns of this family as recognised by RBG, Kew. 7091 9966 9967 7090 9964 9965 7101 9994 11167 11168 7095 9976 7102 For this directory Polypodiaceae is considered to consist of those genera listed by RBG, Kew (see this category). 10003 10002 10022 11174 Dealing with ferns of this species. 11173 Pages about this fern taxon 11172 Pages about ferns of this taxon. 11171 Pages about this fern taxon. 11170 Pages about this fern taxon. 10014 10020 10013 10012 10019 10011 10010 10004 10018 10017 10006 9996 10009 10021 10016 10008 9995 9998 10005 9999 11169 9997 10000 10001 10015 10007 7099 Like other fern families, Pteridaceae is not always circumscribed in the same fashion by all authors. This category includes any site/page dealing with any version of the family. For the present, generic membership follows the RBG, Kew list in this category. 9984 9983 9985 9986 11166 7093 9972 7096 9977 5151 7081 9935 7082 9936 3482 Also called the whisk ferns, these are the simplest of the vascular plants. The division of consists of two genera, Psilotum and Tmesipteris. As with angiosperms, plants of the Psilotophyta have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem), however, they are characterised by the lack of roots, and sometimes the lack of leaves. The plants consist of a small, underground, gametophyte, which lacks chlorophyll and has associations with mycorrhizal fungi. The have a life cycle similar to that of ferns, with motile sperm and a self-sustaining, photosynthetic sporophyte. 5143 6685 5142 3484 For sites about both ferns (Polypodiophyta) and their allies: horsetails (Equisetophyta), club mosses (Lycopodiophyta), and whisk-ferns (Psilotophyta). 1584 The Kingdom-level grouping known as Protista or Protoctistae consists mainly of microscopic organisms. It is defined by exclusion: its members are neither animals (which develop from a blastula), plants (which develop from an embryo), fungi (which lack undulipodia and develop from spores), nor prokaryotes. It includes the green algae (Gamophyta and Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), brown algae (Phaeophyta), diatoms (Bacillariophyta), and other groups. Different authorities have differing views on the taxonomy of these organisms. 3529 The Diatoms. Diatoms are unicellular organisms that have a cell wall made of silicon dioxide and composed of two valves, which fit together with the help of a set of girdle bands. 3523 Green algae. 5218 7301 5215 5217 7300 5219 7302 5220 7303 5222 7305 5221 7304 5223 7306 7307 5216 7299 7298 3527 3524 Unicellular, flagellated, often photosynthetic protists, commonly regarded as "algae" (Division Dinoflagellata). 3528 The euglenoids are a group of unicellular flagellates found living in freshwater, marine, soil, and parasitic environments. The evolutionary relationships among taxa, as well as phylogenetic affinities to other protistan taxa, are unclear. 3530 Slime molds. 5239 7332 5237 7329 7328 7327 7326 5240 7333 5238 7330 7331 5236 7325 7324 3525 5224 7308 5227 7311 5226 7310 5225 7309 3532 5242 7335 5243 7336 5244 7337 5241 7334 3526 Red algae. 5233 7321 5229 7314 7313 5234 7322 5235 7323 5231 7319 7317 7318 5228 7312 5232 7320 5230 7315 7316 3531 Members of this group are photosynthetic organisms which live primarily in freshwater, though some are found in marine waters, in damp soil, or on tree trunks. 1562 1561 1560 1557 1559 1558 1581 >Flora and Fauna >Monera >Bacteria Flora and Fauna is a group within the phylogenetic tree which classifies living organisms into 6 kingdoms: Animalia, Fungi, Monera, Plantae, Protista, and Viruses. This category is specifically for viruses. 1556 1555 1554 1553 316 The study of genes 1609 Provides a resource for the listing of conferences, meetings and workshops. 1614 This category is for the listing of genetic educational links. Typically it will include schools, graduate programs and resources offering educational material for those interested in the subject. 1617 Single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus . 3566 For non genetic sites please see this FAQ for advice on "Where to submit or find a site about animals?" 5268 This category lists sites related to the genetics of frogs, toads, salamander, and caecilians . 5274 5273 This category contains listing of sites dealing with the genetics of chicken 5266 5271 This category is for listing sites related to the genetics of the fish family. 7349 5267 7338 7339 This category is for listing genetic information related to small fruit flies of the genus Drosophila, especially D. melanogaster. 10631 5270 Members of the higher vertebrate class Mammalia, characterized by live birth, body hair, and mammary glands in the female that secrete milk for feeding the young. 7345 7340 This category is for listing of mammal genetic databases and maps. Typically it will include both gene and physical maps, transcription and marker maps, and sequencing data . 7344 7346 Genetics issues relating to the domestic cat, including anomalies, coat colors and patterns. Also covers sites hosting pedigree databases of various breeds of cat. 10641 Sites concerning the genetics of cosmetic anomalies of the domestic cat. 11424 11579 11578 Home pages of Polydactyl cats. 10640 Genetics of coat color and pattern inheritance in the domestic cat. 10639 Online pedigree databases of various breeds. 7342 7341 This category is for listing sites dealing with the genetics of the human race. 10633 This category is for listing of human genetic databases and maps. Typically it will include both gene and physical maps, transcription and marker maps, and sequencing data. 11423 Project Gutenberg etexts of the various chromosomes from the Human Genome Project. 11422 This category is for listing genetic mutation databases. The term is generally used to refer to changes in DNA sequence which are not present in most individuals of a species and either have been associated with disease or have resulted from damage inflicted by external agents . 10637 This category is for companies, organizations, research institutes and investigators who are involved in clinical trials of gene therapy products. 10635 A listing of links to professional and scientific associations, societies, and institutions related to human genetics. 10638 10634 This category is for websites dealing with human genetics-themed journals, books, magazines, and other publications. 10632 This category is for listing of research centers undertaking research in human genetics and genomics. Typically they will include institutes, university departments, government departments, foundations, and non-governmental organisations . 10636 7348 10642 This category is for listing of rodent genetic databases and maps. Typically it will include both gene and physical maps, transcription and marker maps, and sequencing data. 10643 11425 This category is for listing of mouse genetic databases and maps. Typically it will include both gene and physical maps, transcription and marker maps, and sequencing data. 11426 This category is for sites dealing specifically with transgenics and cloning of mice. 11580 Lists commercial service providers in the field of transgenic and gene targeted mice production and phenotypic characterization. 10644 11427 This category is for listing of rat genetic databases and maps. Typically it will include both gene and physical maps, transcription and marker maps, and sequencing data. 7343 7347 Members of the family Suidae, including pigs, hogs, and boars. 5272 Nematodes are the second most diverse animal phylum (after the arthropods). Free-living nematodes are abundant in soils and sediments, where they feed on bacteria and detritus. Some nematodes are plant parasites, including organisms that cause disease in economically important crops. Others parasitize animals (including humans). Well-known parasitic nematodes include hookworms, pinworms, Guinea worm (genus Dracunculus), and intestinal roundworms (genus Ascaris). 5269 A listing of links to professional and scientific associations, societies, and institutions related to animal genetics. 5265 Transgenic (Transgenics is not a recognized word) describes an organism whose DNA contains genetic material derived from other species or even from artificial sources. Cloning is the science of creating clones, which are organisms with identical or nearly identical genetic makeup. Sites listed here should only be related to the science of creating transgenic animals and animal cloning technologies. Sites containing information about a business which utilizes these technologies should perhaps search for another category in the Open Directory Project. 3565 3564 5264 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly known as baker's or budding yeast. 5263 Still classified as fungi although it is now known not to be related. Includes three groups plasmodial, cellular, and labyrinthulomycota. The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is used as a model organism for functional analysis of sequenced genes. 3567 5276 Flowering plants with two cotyledons ( embryonic seed leaves ). 7352 Flowering plants found in north temperate regions. Arabidopsis thaliana is widely used for experiments in plant genetics . 7350 Family of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs bearing bean pods. 7351 5275 5277 Flowering plants, such as grasses, orchids, and lilies, with a single cotyledon ( embryonic seed leaf ). 3563 Genetics of Protista, including protozoans, oomycetes, and other taxa. 5262 Genetics of the Oomycota: water molds and downy mildews. These organisms were formerly classified as fungi. They are filamentous protists which must absorb their food from the surrounding water or soil, or may invade the body of another organism to feed. Oomycetes cause certain diseases of plants and fish and play an important role in decomposition. 5261 Sites about the genetics of parasitic flagellate protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma. These are best known as the parasite transmitted by tsetse flies that causes African sleeping sickness. In general, Trypanosoma species are transmitted to the vertebrate bloodstream, lymph, and spinal fluid by certain insects and often causing diseases such as sleeping sickness and nagana. 1618 3569 Defined as assigning the function to genes that are responsible for specific biological processes and diseases. 3568 The application of genetics in pharmaceutical research. 1610 Features a listing of glossaries specific to genetics. 1613 This category list links to material on the history of genetics, the discoveries, and the scientists. From Mendel's first treatise through to the present day. 3561 This category list links to material on the lives and work of those scientists who have made significant contributions and discovery in the field of genetics. 5252 Researched and published in conjunction with colleagues, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty a landmark paper on the transforming ability of DNA. Born 1877 Died 1955 5248 Austrian biochemist who discovered the base-pairing regularities of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Born 1929 Died 1992 5255 English molecular biologist responsible for much of the research and discovery work that led to the understanding of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA . Born: July 25, 1920 Died: April 16, 1958 5251 British physician, in 1909. First to propose the relationship between genes and proteins and to discover the diseases of genetic metabolism . Born 1857 Died 1939 5250 American scientist whose work provided cogent support for the hypothesis that DNA is the conveyor of genetic information. Born: December 4, 1908 Died : May 22, 1997 5246 1958 Nobel Laureate in Medicine for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria. Born: 1925 5260 American cytogeneticist who together with Harriet Creighton. demonstrated that genetic crossing over was accompanied by physical crossing over of the chromosomes. Born: 1902 Died: 1992 5259 Mendel's Treatises on Plant Hybrids marked the beginning of genetics as a scientific discipline in its own right and also the beginning of the systematic use of mathematics, quantified measurements and applied statistics in biology. Born: 1823 Died: 1884 5254 American biologist renowned for his work with the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster which led to his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity. Born: 1866 Died: 1945 5253 American biochemist whose research provided the first clue to the 'code' through which RNA (and, ultimately, DNA) control the production of specific types of protein in the living cell. Born 1927 5258 American geneticist and student of T. H. Morgan. Working on the maps of the four Drosophila chromosomes he derived the first map of the X chromosome. Born: 1891 Died: 1970 5247 American scientist who was the first to provide proof that chromosomes contained the cell's units of inheritance. Born 1877 Died 1916 5249 Austrian agronomist who along with Correns and Hugo de Vries rediscovered Mendel's laws. He recognized the practical value of these laws and applied them for developing new cultivars of crop plants. Born 1871 Died 1962 5257 Dutch botanist who in 1900 rediscovered Mendel's laws of heredity which led to the development of the theory of mutation . Born 1838 Died 1945 5256 American biologist best known for his discovery of the structure of DNA. Worked with Francis Crick . Born: 1928 1616 This category deals with the genetics of organelles (small structures within cells that perform dedicated functions). Typically the category will cover ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. 1611 A listing of links to professional and scientific associations, societies, and institutions related to genetics. 1619 An organism of the kingdom Monera, including bacteria and cyanobacteria with no membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, and with DNA not organized into chromosomes. 3570 5278 a genus of Gram-negative bacteria composed of anaerobic, coccoid cells. Usually found in salt-marsh or marine habitats. 3571 Genetics of bacteria. 5281 Features a listing of sites relating to the genetics of agrobacterium. Bacteria which invade plant cells via damaged crowns, roots, and stems of plants, and then produce tumour cells. 5282 There are two main bacterial kingdoms, eubacteria (or Bacteria) and archaebacteria (Archaea). Bacteria are split into two broad domains, distinguished by the way in which they may be colored by a pigment (the "Gram" test). Bacillus subtilis is the universally recognized model for eubacteria of the sporulating A+T-rich Gram positive category. Gram-positives have a single envelope, comprising a lipid bilayer (cytoplasmic membrane) and a more or less complex set of protective layers. Bacillus subtilis is both a model for bacteria used in agro-food industry, and for dangerous pathogens. 5280 Rod shaped bacillus found in the colon of mammals (also found in soil and water). Widely used in laboratory research and is the microorganism most used as a host for gene-splicing techniques used to clone genes. 5279 The smallest self-reproducing prokaryote which lacks a cell wall and can survive without oxygen. In humans, one species is a primary cause of nonbacterial pneumonia. Also known as pleuropneumonia-like organism . 3572 This category is for sites dealing with the genetics of bacteriophage which are a virus that infects and lyses certain bacteria. Families or groups include Corticoviridae, Cystoviridae, Inoviridae, Leviviridae, Leviviridae, Lipothrixviridae, Microviridae, Myoviridae, Plasmaviridae, Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, Sulpholobus shibatae virus, and Tectiviridae. 1612 This category is for websites dealing with genetics-themed journals, books, magazines, and other publications. 3560 1608 This category is for listing of research centers undertaking research in genetics and genomics. Typically they will include institutes, university departments, government departments, foundations, and non-governmental organisations . 1615 Genetics:Software provides links to software for genetic research and teaching from the cellular level up to genetics of populations. Software covered by other categories, such as evolution, phylogeny and molecular biology (DNA sequences) will be specifically excluded. 3562 299 Histology is the study of the anatomy of plant and animal tissue at the microscopic level. 1519 1518 This category is for websites dealing with histology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3458 Online journals may offer tables of contents, abstracts, selected papers, and/or full text to non-subscribing readers. 300 1520 3460 Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964) earned a master's degree in zoology and had a career working on publications for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. She became known, however, for her writings on nature and on man's relationship to the natural environment, chiefly "Silent Spring," published in 1962, which addressed the risks of pesticides to wildlife The influence of the book was so great that Carson has been called the mother of the modern environmental movement. Other books by Carson include "Under the Sea Wind" and "The Sea Around Us." 5116 5115 5117 3463 Charles Darwin (1809-82), English biologist best remembered as the principal originator of the theory of evolution by natural selection. His most famous work is "On the Origin of Species," published in 1859. 5118 6574 3462 Lamarck's scientific theories were largely ignored or attacked during his lifetime; Lamarck never won the acceptance and esteem of his colleagues Buffon and Cuvier, and he died in poverty and obscurity. Today, the name of Lamarck is associated merely with a discredited theory of heredity, the "inheritance of acquired traits." However, Charles Darwin, Lyell, Haeckel, and other early evolutionists acknowledged him as a great zoologist and as a forerunner of evolution. 3459 3461 Louis Pasteur was born on December 27, 1822 in Dole, in the region of Jura, France. His discovery that most infectious diseases are caused by germs, known as the "germ theory of disease," is one of the most important in medical history. His work became the foundation for the science of microbiology, and a cornerstone of modern medicine. 3464 Independent co-discoverer, at about the same time as Darwin, of the principle of evolution by natural selection. 325 1738 Sites about the defense mechanism of the body which are dependent on the humoral aspects of immunity as compared to the cell-mediated aspects which secrete Cytokines. Sites may include the mechanisms of interaction of antibody with antigen, as well as the cascade sequence that this invokes, through the complement system. Sites may describe the molecular structure of antibodies, their classification and problems associated with their synthesis, such as the glycosylation of recombinant proteins, to mimic mammalian species, but are produced in plant cell host, "Plantibodies". 3658 5322 1741 1736 A large class of glycoproteins similar to lymphokines but produced by non-lymphocytic cells such as normal macrophages, fibroblasts, keratinocytes and a variety of transformed cell lines. The most well known cytokines are the interferon (IFN) and interleukins (IL-1, IL-6). They were discovered through their role in regulating immunological and inflammatory and repair processes. However, they also regulate normal cell growth and differentiation. Cytokines are analagous to hormones in their intercellular regulatory functions at very low concentrations, but are not produced by glands. [see Endocrinology] Hence, some discovered by their action, rather than their chemical structure, have been named Growth_Factors, and yet these function throughout life, eg. to stimulate the endothelial cells to express 'selectins' on the internal surfaces of blood vessels, causing leukocytes to adhere, then be removed from circulation between endothelial cells. 3657 Category to list sites whose primary purpose is to promote their business, which nevertheless specialize in Cytokines. 1742 Courses and Instruction in Immunology 1733 3655 3654 1734 1739 1737 Reagents, kits and commercial services specifically for immunological research and immunochemistry. 1735 This category is for websites dealing with immunology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3656 1740 323 1695 Listed sites are the official homepages, as found by visiting the university or institution main page & then following links to the department of biology. Post secondary or higher only. 1694 3645 298 303 1521 This section includes but is not limited to sites that make, manufacture, distribute or sell equipment and supplies related to biological applications of microscopy. 317 Microbiology is the study of microbes, including: bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, and parasites. 1629 1624 1632 1631 1626 3576 3577 1633 1621 If you have a meeting or conference you want to tell the world about. Submit it to this area of Microbiology. 1630 1627 This category contains online textbooks useful to microbiologists, immunologists, and students of these fields. 1634 This category includes protozoa, helminths and arthropods that live as commensals, cause disease or act as vectors of diseases in humans and animals. It also covers diseases caused by these parasites. References, journals, images, courses, general information, societies, news, trivia. 3578 1620 3573 This category contains websites that provide identification services of various microbial agents from environmental, animal, or human samples. 1628 1622 This category is for websites dealing with microbiology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3574 1623 1625 This category is for plant, animal, and bacterial viruses. Viruses are non living small protein molecules. In the environment they are harmless, however, when they become into contact with a host cell from a plant or animal a sequence of degenerative events occurs. The virus inserts its own genomic material into the host cell and initiates DNA or RNA replication. The host cell burst spreading virions to infect other cells. The most common virus people are affected by is called Influenza. The category will cover a range of virus diseases, replication, database of structures, current research, images, and organizations. 3575 This category is for specific research centers focused on viruses. The research work must look at a range of virus properties such as its pathology, diagnosis, and immunization. 310 Mycology = the study of Fungi The total kingdom of Fungi - from single cell yeasts through to large ''mushrooms''. Cultivation, finding, photographs, commercial growing, etc - the lot! 1545 This category is for listings of professional societies and organizations dedicated to the study of Mycology. 1546 Conferences, meetings and workshops featuring Mycology related topics of interest to mycologists. Past conferences are included if they contain useful information, such as abstracts of papers offered or list of attendees. 1548 Endophytes are a type of symbiosis in which a fungus lives inside a vascular plant, generally in the leaf or stem. The endophyte provides some benefits to the plant, but in the case of endophytes of ryegrass and tall fescue the endophyte also affects the health and reproduction of grazing animals that feed on the plant. Endophyte hyphae run between the plant cells and are not visible to the naked eye. They produce no external pustules, and there are no visual signs that the plant has the endophyte. The endophyte does not spread between plants, but is present in the seed of infected plants. As result plants grown from that seed will be infected with the endophyte. 1550 1549 1547 This category is for websites dealing with mycology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3475 Journals are intended for mycologists and publish reports of new and significant research dealing with mycology. 1544 1543 295 Neurobiology is he branch of biology that studies the structure, functions and diseases of the nervous system of all animals, including humans. 1511 1514 1512 1513 1515 Homepages of scientists and labs addressing the structure and the functioning of the nervous system. 3451 3450 3452 Students and postdocs doing research on neurobiology. 1510 This category is for websites dealing with neurobiology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3449 319 1644 Departments of Physiology at institutions of higher education around the world, whose pages are primarily in English, will be indexed here. 3585 Graduate programs in Physiology in Australia 3587 Academic programs leading to graduate degrees will be listed here. 3580 3581 3583 Graduate programs in Physiology at New Zealand schools will be listed. 3582 3584 Graduate programs in Physiology at schools located in the United Kingdom will be listed here. 3586 Academic programs in Physiology at schools in the United States are listed. Program descriptions, academic requirements, faculty profiles, application procedures are encouraged. 1641 1643 Information about the anatomy and physiology of auditory systems should go here. 1639 Microcirculation includes small arterioles, capillaries, and small venules. 1642 This category is for websites dealing with physiology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3579 1640 Models and simulations of physiological processes. 1645 Tutorials give basic understanding of physiological principles. They may include either basic science explanations of an area of physiology or applications of physiology in clinical and research settings. 293 Biology:instruments and supplies include all of the specialized apparatus, equipment, services and other "stuff" that scientific researchers, teachers, and engineers working in the field of Biology need in the course of their work. Pick an appropriate subcategory and then submit your English Language site there. The preferred structure is to have the title show the company name and have the description demonstrate why your site belongs in a particular subcategory of Instruments and Supplies (meaning, write a couple of sentences describing the appropriate product line or lines). The first word of your title should be your company name, the first word of the description should be the main service, device or product you list on your site. Don't think that a long flowery non-professional discription will get your site listed any faster, it won't. All this means is I have to waste my time editing your discription to fit ODP criteria. If you believe there are two or three appropriate subcategories, then submit your site to all of them, but do not submit to every subcategory in Instruments and Supplies. Please remember, multiple submissions of the same URL to the same category will not get your site listed any faster. If I cannot find your product, device, or service in a biology research lab, biology department research lab, university or high school biology educational lab, you will not find your site listed here. Industrial scale devices and supplies will not be listed in this category. Your product, device, or service must be related to biology laboratory work or biology education in some way, to be listed in Science/Instruments and Supplies. 04/21/00 1492 1494 These sites are from companies that perform primarily contract services for other labs, researchers, or companies. 1498 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily equipment, instruments and supplies for use in the field. You will find collection devices and scientific instruments that perform lab functions in the field for the researcher. You will also find devices for tracking and or tagging organism in the field for tracking of these organisms. 10/07/00 1496 Contains sites for distributors of life sciences products, such as biochemicals, reagents, kits, laboratory equipment and supplies. English language sites only. Please submit sites in other languages to the appropriate World/ category. 1493 1497 These sites are from companies that collect, grow, maintain or distribute or sale primarily living systems for research or laboratory service or purposes. That actually means these guys grow genetically manipulated animals, plants, bacteria, fugi, algal or other living beings for research or scientific purposes. 04/21/00 1495 3433 3432 308 This category is for websites dealing with biology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 1540 297 304 1523 1522 Entomologist considered to be the father of sociobiology. Wilson has elucidated much about human behavior from his studies of ants. 307 Software aimed primarily at research, evaluation or education in biology 296 Systematics = the science of classification Taxonomy = the science of biological classification Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 1517 Cladistics involves the reconstruction of evolutionary phylogenies by analyzing the development, retention, and loss of morphological features from ancestor taxa to their descendants. 3457 This category is for any website about publications dealing with the science of cladistics. 5114 This category is for websites dealing with professional journals publishing papers on the subject of cladistics. 1516 3454 3453 3456 3455 311 Theoretical biology has the goal of explaining the biological world by formulating theories. Mathematical biology is closely related. 1552 This category lists societies and professional bodies which promote and support theoretical and mathematical biology. 1551 Journals and Publications devoted to, or largely concerned with, theoretical biology. 314 Toxicology is the science that deals with poisons (toxicants) and their effects. A poison is defined as any substance that causes a harmful effect, either by accident or design, when administered to a living organism. 1600 1598 1595 1596 � 1599 3548 Sites for businesses or individuals who offer expertise in the field of Toxicology, toxins and their pharmacology, but do not themselves provide facilities for analysis or research. 5245 3549 3546 Sites which list and describe chemicals or biological products available for immmediate purchase, which are designed and packaged to assay, analyze, or aid research to determine the toxicity of a product or identify toxins. 3547 Sites for companies or individual analytical laboratories that have established procedures in place to perform tests on submitted samples, to identify, assay, analyze, or aid research in toxins and toxicity measurement. 1597 324 Sites in this category pertain to members of the Kingdom Animalia, and are organized primarily by phyla or groups of phyla. 1701 1731 1732 3653 1725 This category is for sites devoted to the scientific study of the largest of all animal phyla, Phylum Arthropoda. This phylum includes the insects, spiders, mites and ticks, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, isopods, and trilobites. 3650 5315 3651 Entomology = study of Insects 5317 5316 This category is for the homepages of entomological societies, organizations dedicated to the study and preservation of insects. 5321 Coleopterology is the scientific study of the Order Coleoptera, the beetles. 5320 5318 Lepidopterology is the scientific study of the Order Lepidoptera, the moths and butterflies. 5319 1723 1700 1699 1724 The Chordate category includes sites devoted to the organisms in the Phylum Craniata (our phylum), Phylum Cephalochordata, and Phylum Urochordata. Included in this category are the vertebrate classes fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds. 3646 A cold-blooded archive of Internet websites that cover material related to reptiles and amphibians. 5306 3647 This category is intended for Ichthyology related sites. Ichthyology is the study of fish. (Ichthos is Greek for fish and the suffix -ology means the study of). 3649 5312 5314 5313 3648 Sites dealing with ornithology, the scientific study of birds. 5311 5307 5309 5310 5308 1729 1698 1696 1722 1697 1721 1702 1720 1730 1719 1718 1717 1716 1727 1715 1714 1713 1726 This category is for personal pages about zoology by professional zoologists. 1728 This category is for websites dealing with zoology-themed books, magazines, journals, and other publications. 3652 This is a category devoted to zoology journals. 1712 1711 1710 1709 1708 1707 1706 1705 1704 1703 6 29 Contains newsletters, newsgroups, forums, message boards, and chat rooms which discuss broad science related topics. Also provides links to categories for "chats and forums" focused in a particular field of science. 39 Chemistry is typically defined as the science that studies the composition, structure, and transformation of matter. It has been called "the central science" because of the way it is related with all the other sciences. Chemistry bridges the gap between physics and biology; it is a "helper science" in almost many technical disciplines; and it occupies a prominent position in industry between the extraction of raw materials and the manufacture of finished products. Of course, it is chemists who call it this way; other scientists may have different perspectives. Chemistry is also distinguished from some other sciences because it creates its own object of study: chemists can imagine and create new compounds that have never existed in nature, so they are not constrained to what already exists, but only to what can be done. 145 768 2509 770 2517 2516 2512 2520 2513 2515 2519 2514 2518 772 2524 2523 A listing of chemistry departments from universities, colleges, and schools throughout the United States. 4749 4746 4739 4733 4741 6386 6385 4750 4754 4753 4755 4742 4756 4738 4743 6387 4736 4737 4757 4751 4758 4752 4744 4732 4745 6388 6389 4747 4740 4748 4735 4734 771 2522 2521 769 2511 2510 149 Science/Chemistry/Analytical contains links to those sites which may deal with the facet of chemistry used in the commercial world of chemical analysis. Agricultural, environmental, materials, QA/QC, and forensic links would be some of the most noted topics falling into this category. Pure and applied methods development for analytical processes are also included. 785 790 This category links to categories with sites in which the topic is analysis of chemicals from living things. Nowadays, many of these analytes can be synthesized with out the need for a biological source. The term is also used in cases where the analyte may be inorganic but the matrix is biological, such as iron in blood. For cases of the presence of biological or inorganic contaminants in water, or effluent, see Environmental_Chemistry. 2541 4771 2540 Category to supplement the Proteins_and_Enzymes category, for synthetic peptides, specifically used in Biochemical and Molecular Biology research and diagnostics. For suppliers and reagents used in synthesis, see Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology: Products_and_Services: Peptides. 4769 4770 Category to supplement the Biochemicals category, for synthetic peptides, specifically used in Biochemical and Molecular Biology research and diagnostics, and the supplies used in their synthesis within the laboratory. 6392 Sites where the primary focus is to produce peptides to order, with analytical verification. 6393 Labs that offer specific technique-based services, involving the identification and/or quantification of peptides, including digests or fragmented proteins, to the scientific community for a fee. 4768 2539 4767 4766 Sites for manufacturers of equipment designed specifically for bioanalytical chemistry. 4765 Sites for companies or individual analytical laboratories that have established procedures in place to perform tests on submitted samples, to identify, assay, analyze, or aid research in chemical content of biological samples. 6390 6391 For sites in Canada and the USA, which combine chemical and biological analytical services such as microbiological, drug metabolite and immunological testing. 2538 791 Chemometrics is the application of statistical and mathematical tools for multivariate analysis of chemical measurements. This category lists sites involved in exploring patterns of association, tracking properties and producing models for classification of data from chemical analysis. 2544 2543 2542 789 786 783 Infrared spectroscopy is a technique used in molecular bond identification and characterisation, where atomic vibrations and rotations are exploited to produce a spectrum. 2526 Commercial sites for infrared spectrophotometers and imaging systems. Also includes laboratories providing commercial analytical services based on this technology. 788 Mass Spectrometry is the technique in which the analyte is ionized, separated from its matrix and mixture components, according its mass–to–charge ratio (m/z}, and detected to determine the molecular weight of component isotopes. Common Abbreviations: ESI - ElectroSpray Ionization FAB - Fast Atom Bombardment ICP - Inductively Coupled Plasma MALDI - Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization MS/MS - Mass Spectrometry repeated, typically within an ion trap TOF - Time Of Flight 2536 Groups and Society which promote mass spectrometry by providing contact with local and international leaders in all areas providing a forum for the presentation of research in mass spectrometry and related disciplines. 2534 4763 A Mass Spectrometer is an instrument in which ions are analysed according to their mass-to-charge ratio. 4764 Sites for companies primarily supporting the instruments manufactured by major companies, but providing more geographically focused services, including parts, repair and contracts to maintain the instrument rather than performing the analytical applications. 4762 Sites offering analytical services, dependent on mass spectrometry. 2535 Site with details of books and journals specifically about mass spectrometry and its applications. 2533 2537 784 2531 This category lists resources for people seeking to hire analytical chemists on a per job basis. Such services may include testimony, analysis, or synthesis. 2527 Sites for companies that perform primarily established procedures that require commitment of a period of months or years, for a series of experiments, agreed by contract, for researchers, laboratories, institutes or companies in the area of Analytical Chemistry. 2532   2529 2530 For sites selling analytical reagents, consumables and small tools used exclusively for analytical chemistry. 2528 4759 4760 4761 787 Books and Journals available in hardcopy, or as downloadable articles, related to Analytical Chemistry. 782 793 2545 For sites primarily giving details of courses and training in chromatography, electrophoresis, size exclusion methods of separation, and methods of detecting analytes. 2552 Separation methods in which the mobile phase is under the influence of an electrical charge, rather than mechanical or gravitational force. Until there are sufficient number of sites to form a separate category, this category is the most appropriate for sites specializing in isoelectric focusing, and other methods which separate on the bases of the isoelectric points of the analytes. 4780 Sites primarily describing technology designed as a result of research in this field, for equipment, prototypes, new materials. Also companies offering expertise in this field, perhaps as subcategories including Consulting, Contract_Services and Analytical_Laboratories. 4779 Software for controlling Electrophoresis runs and/or collecting data, comparing electropherograms, relating output to databases, in applications such as proteomics. 2547 Sites exclusively about gas chromatography (GC) and its applications, including hyphenated detection methods such as mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). 4774 For sites offering instruments, supplies, and services specializing in separating analyte in the gaseous phase. Also instruments, parts and reagents for their detection and quantitation. 6396 Sites primarily for gas chromatographs, although manufacturers who specialize in one component of GC systems are included here. For instrument components, tools and accessories see the parent or Supplies categories. 2546 Sites exclusively about liquid chromatography (LC) and its applications, including hyphenated detection methods such as mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This categegory also includes specialties such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and proprietary variants such as FPLC. 4772 6395 Sites primarily for entire liquid chromatography systems, although manufacturers who specialize in one component of HPLC or SFC systems are included here. For instrument components, tools and accessories see the parent or Supplies categories. 6394 For sites selling columns, vials, crimpers and packing materials for liquid chramtography. 4773 2551 Sites primarily describing technology designed as a result of research in separation sciences, for equipment, prototypes, new materials. Also companies offering expertise in this field, perhaps as subcategories including Consulting, Contract Services and Analytical Laboratories. 4777 These sites are from companies that design, manufacture, distribute or sell primarily equipment for separation technology, HPLC and all forms of chromatography.  They may also sell components, supplies and services, but specialist in these areas may be found in the category above, or by following links, specifically for gas chromatography, or Supplies.  Sites with products specifically for TLC HPLC and SCFC will be found under Liquid Chromatography.  4778 For sites selling columns, vials, crimpers and packing materials. 2550 Books and journals focusing on chromatography and electrophoretic separation techniques, including detection methods and analysis of results. 2548 For sites describing separation of chemicals, their aggregates and particles on the basis of size, commonly known as filtration. Size Exclusion generally refers to separations in which analytes are retained in a controlled manner, whilst larger species are removed from the matrix. This also includes separation of macromolecules, by gel filtration, either in their biologically active state, after being charged as with detergents such as SDS, or after ionisation, such as matrix assisted laser desorption, for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. 4776 4775 2549 Sites for software used in chromatography, or broader applications in Separations Science, to control analytical or preparative separations, and to analyse and present results. 792 141 124 Catalysts are materials that promote or accelerate a chemical reaction, by associating with one or more of the reacting chemicals, and thereby lowering the energy barrier for reaction to occur. The association can be by adsorption or chemisorption (as is the case for solid, heterogeneous catalysts) or by complexation or coordination (as is the case for homogeneous catalysts, including enzymes). Catalysts can repeatedly promote the same reaction, without themselves being converted. The science of catalysis involves itself with developing new or improved catalysts, and with understanding the fundamental processes involved with catalytic reactions. 560 Societies and associations whose members are involved in catalysis science. 561 146 135 These are sites that provide information, or data on chemical safety. This will include lab safety, as well as chemical plant and refienery safety sites. Safety equipment and devices will also be included, or at least links to them. Sites more appropriate for high school or younger students will be found in Reference/Education/School_Safety/Labs_and_Experiments/ 4/17/00 125 142 147 Computational chemistry involves the use of computers to investigate the structure and properties of atoms, molecules, and molecular aggregates. There is great overlap and some confusion between the disciplines commonly called "computational chemistry", "molecular modeling", and "theoretical chemistry". To simplify, all of these are grouped under the computational chemistry ODP category, except for some sites that go to Science/Chemistry/Physical. 778 773 780 777 Molecular dynamics here deals with computer simulations that model atomic systems through Newtonian mechanics. 2525 Tutorials/Overviews/Introductions on molecular dynamics. Molecular dynamics here refers to computer simulations of atomic systems through classical Newtonian mechanics. Tutorials are supposed to be guides to those who are just beginning in the field of molecular dynamics such as researchers, students or enthusiasts; the tutorials give a general outlook on what molecular dynamics is all about. 776 775 781 779 Web pages of research groups in computational chemistry. Groups with one principal investigator are listed under the name of the principal investigator; larger groups are listed under the name of the institution or department. 774 140 Conferences, courses, meetings, seminars, workshops and other events in Chemistry. 766 Conferences, courses, meetings, seminars,workshops and other events in Chemistry which have already taken place. 137 A section for indices of Chemistry resources, most of the sites here should contain indices pointing to at least 500 other chemistry resources 126 Sites that teach or inform about chemistry and chemistry education, from grade school to college. Sites which seek to sell something should have significant, free chemistry education content to contribute. 566 The International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO) is an annual chemistry competition for high school students. It is one of the International Science Olympiads. Each of the more than 50 participating countries has its own national chemistry olympiad, and sometimes there are also smaller regional chemistry olympiads. 563 562 567 565 Chemistry is a very hands-on science. When chemical reactions can be conducted safely, then either labs or demonstrations are appropriate for educational purposes. This category is for listing such labs and demonstrations. 569 568 564 Sites created by one or more teachers with the intent of helping their chemistry students learn the material, keep up with assignments, etc. 133 Electrochemistry is the study of the exchange of electrons between an ion/molecule and an electrode, or another ion/molecule. Application areas include batteries, plating or electrodeposition, corrosion, analytical electrochemistry, as well as the study of any chemical reaction involving oxidation or reduction. 631 635 Catch-all category for Corrosion related information sites. See sub-categories for actual company sites. 2500 Announcements of courses in Corrosion and related disciplines. 2499 Corrosion testing and failure analysis laboratories. 633 Commercial manufacturers of electrochemical instrumentation are welcomed here. Potentiostats, Galvanostats, Electroanalytical instrumentation, Software. 634 References for plating and electrodeposition science and technology 632 136 Information on the individual elements of, and the groups in which they appear on, the periodic table in the context of the study of chemistry. 655 645 683 The alkali earth metals are the elements in group 2 of the periodic table, that is: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium. 684 The alkali metals are the elements in group 1 of the periodic table excluding hydrogen, that is: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and francium. 666 709 741 647 652 729 746 715 675 727 680 674 650 763 660 712 673 748 745 662 704 703 706 714 641 701 756 713 758 753 691 733 731 754 707 708 723 760 685 The halogens are the elements in group 17 of the periodic table, that is: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. 681 676 757 690 740 743 721 702 649 686 The Lanthanides are the 14 rare earth chemical elements which lie between lanthanum and ytterbium on the periodic table. All lanthanides are metals. 747 693 726 656 695 667 682 670 711 724 Mercury, also known as "Quick Silver," is the 80th element on the Periodic Table. It is a transition metal, and is the only metal that is in liquid form at room temperature. Although it has many practical purposes, it is very toxic and must be used with extreme caution. 688 689 687 677 750 669 737 705 644 672 692 699 The noble gases are the elements in group 18 of the periodic table, that is: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. 696 Welcome to the home of NonmetalS! Nonmetal elements possess high ionization energies and have high electronegativities. They tend to gain electrons when in combination with metals, or to share electrons when in combination with other elements. They tend to be brittle in the solid phase, to have low thermal and electrical conductivities, and to lack metallic luster. Here you can find information about the chemical and physical properties of nonmetals! 720 671 762 664 722 700 738 Plutonium is one of the most dangerous yet useful elements in existence. It is the 94th element on the Periodic Table, and was discovered in 1941 and is now used in nuclear plants and even in nuclear explosives. Use this category to find information about plutonium as well about its hazards. 728 661 749 751 735 732 730 719 761 640 653 759 710 752 659 679 651 665 657 668 648 663 717 646 742 755 725 734 739 716 658 697 698 718 736 Welcome to Uranium, one of the most desired elements by third-world nations! Uranium is #92 on the Periodic Tables, and is used in producing energy as well as nuclear bombs. 654 744 694 642 678 643 143 139 131 624 630 Stephen Moulton Babcock, 1843-1931, was a professor of agricultural chemistry at the University of Wisconsin. He is best known for the Babcock test, a method of measuring butterfat content in milk. His research on the nutrition of dairy cattle paved the way for the discovery of vitamin A. 627 623 Danish physical chemist (1879-1947) known for a widely applicable acid-base concept identical to that of Thomas Martin Lowry of England. He was also an authority on the catalytic properties and strengths of acids and bases. 629 English chemist who discovered of the effects of nitrous oxide, which came to be known as laughing gas. He also undertook the first electrochemical decompositions, isolating potassium, barium, strontium, calcium, and magnesium. Born 1778 - Died 1829 626 Martin David Kamen (1913-2002) co-discovered carbon-14 in 1940 with Samuel Ruben. In 1944 he was expelled from the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory as a security risk. During his later career he focused on the biochemical processes of photosynthesis. In 1961 he joined the University of California, San Diego Chemistry Department, where he acted as a "founding father" of the new campus. 625 Largely because of his introduction of conservation of mass and his rejection of phlogiston, Antoine Lavoisier is considered to be the father of modern chemistry. 628 English chemist who discovered oxygen, philosopher and dissenting clergyman. Born 1733 - Died 1804 129 The study of all elements and compounds of elements except for carbon. 593 Departments and Universities of Education and also Institutes of Higher Learning. 597 Combinations of inorganic atoms, many of which have unusual physical properties and structure. 594 A collection of information about spectific chemical bonds; ionic, covalent, metallic, and associated nomenclature. Also includes annotation and properties relating to bonding. 598 595 Notable professionals in the field of Inorganic Chemistry. 592 591 596 Important information for a person wishing to understand the structure of the atom and groups of atoms. 144 767 2507 2505 2503 2501 Winner of the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 2506 2502 Winner of 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 2504 2508 130 This category is concerned with NMR, EPR, MRI and NQR. There are categories for user guides, commercial vendors of NMR systems and supplies, NMR theory, magnet safety, shimming, in short nearly everything to do with the use, repair and operation of a NMR, EPR, MRI or NQR system. 07/23/00 604 This category contains links to verious comercial enterprises that sale, distribute, repair, refurbish or service NMR systems,, magnets, consoles or parts. 03/12/00 2477 This category contains links to companies that perform third party NMR service, on the NMR console. 03/12/00 2476 This category contains companies that specialize in cryomagnet charging power supplies. 07/23/00 2482 This category contains links to companies that perform magnet service, including fills of cryogens, pumpdowns, rebuilds, moving, installs and other magnet service tasks. 03/12/00 2483 These are companies whose main mission in life is to perform NMR analysis. Some may even do interpretation for you. 2485 These companies all sale or distribute NMR consumables, such as NMR tubes, paper for the plotter or other "stuff" you would normally buy, use and throw away in the NMR lab. 03/12/00 2484 This category contains site from companies whose main specialty is NMR and MRI probe production, service, and/or repair. 03/12/00 2478 These companies sale the very specialized RF amplifiers used in NMR and MRI service. Including power amplifiers for the transmitter, as well as the ultra low noise amplifiers for the receiver side. 07/23/00 2486 These sites are from companies tht sale repair componenets and parts, mostly electronic parts for your console. 03/12/00 2481 These sites are from companies that will sale you a new NMR system, some will sale complete systems including magnets, some will only sale the consoles, but they will be new and not re-built. 07/23/00 2479 These are links to companies that make or sell specialized RF Components. Specifically for probes, RF amplifiers, modulators and preamps, for repair work or building your own. 2480 612 This category contains numerous sites with link lists to NMR, MRI, fMRI related sites 09/16/01 607 615 This category contains links to NMR educational pages. 09/16/01 603 620 602 608 613 Within this section you find printable documents only, about advanced and basic NMR. 03/12/00 601 This category has sites with information about magnet and RF safety. There are a few sites that have certain types of shielding for magnetic and RF fields. The magnetic field from MRI and NMR magnets are static fields, not time varying fields. 10/07/00 600 This category contains MRI and fMRI sites. 09/17/01 617 609 621 606 Newsletters and Usenet 619 This category contains links to sites that contain information on NQR and mine detections. o9/13/01 618 This category lists sites that contain pulse sequences to various types of spectrometers for various types of experiments. 09/13/01 610 This category contains links to NMR references. 09/16/01 616 2492 2495 2493 2494 2490 2491 611 Sites that deal with the theory, math, practice, technique and operation of Solid State NMR 614 This category contains links to sites with tables or compilations of data useful for the NMR Scientist. 2488 This category contains links to sites with tables of coupling constants and chemical shifts for various molecules. 09/13/01 2489 This category contains links to sites with periodic tables that contain NMR data. 09/13/01 2487 This category contains links to sites with solvent data. 09/13/01 622 This section of the directory contains sites that deal with the advanced and basic theory of NMR and MRI, you will find tutorials as well as a few slide shows. The theory of NMR spectra interpretation will also be presented. 09/13/01 2497 This section of the directory contains sites that have explanations and information about advanced NMR theory. You will find some tutorials and some slide presentations of advanced NMR theory here. 09/13/01 2498 This section of the directory contains sites that have explanations and information aboutbasic NMR and MRI theory. You will find some tutorials and some slide presentations of basic NMR and MRI theory here. 09/13/01 2496 This section of the directory contains sites that have explanations and information about interpretation of NMR spectra. 09/13/01 599 This category contains links to user guides and help files. 09/13/01 2474 2475 This category contains Spectral interpretation workbooks for students, and practice guides. 09/13/01 2473 605 127 Organic Chemistry is the branch of chemistry dealing with the compounds of carbon. 578 This category includes online databases that offer information specific to the field of organic chemistry. 571 This category includes organic chemistry directories. 577 This category contains listings of organic chemistry journals. 576 For sites relating to the naming of organic compounds. 575 Personal websites related to organic chemistry 572 Process Research and Development work in organic chemicals spans a wide spectrum of industries - from pharmaceuticals to petrochemicals. Process Research is done essentially by organic chemists. It involves developing better, cost-effective, environment-friendly and safe processes for molecules that come out of discovery research. Process Development involves optimizing chemical processes so that they are robust, repeatable and reproducible. This is essential to ensure problem-free scaling up from lab scale to pilot scale and then to commercial scale. This activity is the domain of chemical engineers. Though the functions of the chemists and chemical engineers seem distinct, in reality chemists and chemical engineers need to work in tandem. This section will include sites that are related to any aspect of Process research and process development. This will include various techniques used for process optimization - such as Design of Experiments, tools for creative process development - such as TRIZ, and other such areas. 570 574 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2468 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2467 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2466 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2465 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2464 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2463 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2462 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2461 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2460 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2459 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2458 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2457 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2456 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2455 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2454 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2453 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2443 2451 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2452 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2450 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2449 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2447 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2448 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2445 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2444 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 2446 This category contains sites from Organic and Natural Products Chemistry research groups. 573 Software which is specific for Organic Chemistry. This includes: Synthesis design. Reaction prediction and mechanisms. Organic nomenclature. 132 A selection of sites containing online versions of the periodic table of elements. Sites are classified according to the number of properties they display: Very Basic: less than eight properties. Basic: 9 - 16 properties. Detailed: 17 - 24 properties. Comprehensive: 25 - 32 properties. Very comprehensive: more than 32 properties. There are also notes when special software or browser features such as JavaScript are required. 134 639 Academia and Institutes relating to Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics. Also groups contained within educational organizations. 638 637 636 123 555 These sites are from individual or companies that primarily consult on chemical matters. Such as method developement, process developement, chemical synthesis and or chemical manafacuring, sales or methodology. 558 Products sold primarily for non-professional use, such as to high schools or to amateur chemists. 2440 Companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sell chemicals, reagents, services, or supplies (as their main product) for educational or hobbyist uses. 03/26/00 559 2441 2442 556 557 Companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sell chemicals, reagents, services, or supplies (as their main product) for use in the lab. Not industrial uses. Any industrial, large bulk chemical supplier, producer, distributor sites will be sent to Business/Industries/Manufacturing/Chemicals/ Pick an appropriate subcategory and then submit your site there. 04/01/00 2439 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily made to order, specially prepared or synthesized chemicals. Usually for a niche market or purpose. 2438 This category will contain listings from companies that primarily supply or distribute chemicals as reagents to chemistry labs. Either organic, in-organic, analytical or synthesis labs. The quantities are usually small scale. 138 765 764 148 This category contains sites from research groups mainly interested in various aspects and facets of chemistry. This may include but is not limited to link lists, research and information pages, pages concerning a single element (such as Boron). 128 This category lists software used in Chemistry. This includes chemical engineering software, visualization software, chemical database software and specialized types of chemical software. 582 Software that can be used to make various chemical calculations, such as molecular weight, pH, and redox potentials. 2469 Software for balancing chemical equations. 2470 590 Many people view chemoinformatics as an extension of chemical information, which is a well-established concept covering many areas that employ chemical structures, data storage and computational methods, such as compound registration databases, on-line chemical literature, SAR (Structure-Activity Relationsip) analysis and molecule-property calculation. [Timothy Ritchie "Chemoinformatics; manipulating chemical information to facilitate decision- making in drug discovery" Drug Discovery Today 6(16): 813-814, Aug. 2001] 580 587 This category contains chemical database, chemical safety and chemical inventory software. 589 Libraries and toolkits for the development of chemical software. 579 Web pages with comprehensive lists of Chemistry software sites. 585 This category contains software that can be used for education of students in the chemical arts and sciences. 581 Software for Materials Chemistry. This includes, for example, polymers, glasses, alloys, and ceramics. 588 Software, usually interactive, that contains periodic table type presentation of elemental characteristics. 583 Software for chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, molecular dynamics, quantum chemistry, etc. 584 Software for the visualization and drawing of chemical structures. 2472 Software for the generation of 2D chemical structure diagrams. 2471 Programms to view or analyze properties of small molecules or proteins. Some sites offer physical models. 586 Software for the display of chemical information on web pages. This includes chemical equations and structures. 32 Conferences, meetings and workshops are an important part of the scientific enterprise. Most conferences fit in a category for conferences in a specific area of science. These categories are listed as links from the Science:Conferences category, which also lists sites for broad-spectrum scientific meetings and for organizations that conduct meetings in a wide range of fields. 9 37 Contains Internet directories with links relating to the field of science. All directories pertaining to a particularly branch of science are to be found within the category for that branch. 19 43 The branches of science that deal with the solid earth, the oceans and other waters, and the atmosphere. 194 198 190 189 192 938 Earth science data centers from the United States government, including the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). 197 193 939 2725 This category is for site dealing with university or college sponsored geological field camps. 940 This category is for educational earth science class websites and resources. Please find the most specific category within this category when submitting your site. 203 Careers advice and employment information in Earth Sciences. 185 Geochemistry is the study of chemical elements and their isotopes, and their distribution and abundance within minerals, ores, rocks, waters, and the atmosphere. Geochemistry also includes the dynamic aspects of reaction and circulation of the elements in nature. While geochemistry is most often used in reference to the Earth, it also applies to the study of the chemical elements and their isotopes on the moon and other planets. 921 This category is for collections of geochemical data, whether natural or experimentally derived. 2711 This category is for compilations of chemical or isotopic analyses of natural samples, including atmospheric (and other gaseous reservoirs), aqueous, and solid samples. 2712 This category is for databases containing thermodynamic and other chemical data on elements and compounds of interest to researchers in all fields of geochemistry. 920 This category is for websites with information on the geochemistry of ore deposits and other non-organic mineral resource concentrations. 924 923 This category is for professional or amateur organizations involved in the study of geochemistry, or in the application of geochemical data or principles. This category is not for academic departments, research laboratories, or governmental agencies. 925 922 926 This category is for businesses which buy and sell products or provide services related to the study of geochemistry, or its various applications. 2713 927 This category is for any site dealing with geochemistry books, magazines, or journals. 201 Geology is the study of Earth history, structure, composition and life forms. 984 2817 2816 981 994 2831 2832 985 The topic of geologic time and techniques and tools to measure geologic time, including radiometric dating techniques. 2820 2818 2819 987 2821 4941 2822 4943 4942 993 Geomorphology deals with the study of landforms, their evolution, and the processes that shape the land's surface. 2828 Karst refers to any terrain where the topography has been formed chiefly by the dissolving of rock, primarily carbonates (such as limestone) and evaporites (such as salt). Landforms associated with karst include sinkholes, caves, sinking streams, springs, and solution valleys. Because of the unique geologic and hydrologic features associated with highly developed subterranean networks, the scope of problems related to the karst environment is large. 4951 2830 4952 4953 2827 2829 Sufficiently powerful asteroid and comet impacts can change the surface of the earth, creating craters and modifying rocks and soil. 2826 2824 This category is for websites dealing with professional geomophology organizations. 2825 986 988 This category is for any organization or association specifically related to, or promoting the earth sciences. 2823 This category is for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government for the purposes of geological research. 4949 This is a regional sub category of Government Geological Surveys - for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government principally for the purposes of geological research. This category is for sites located in Africa. 4948 This is a regional sub category of Government Geological Surveys - for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government principally for the purposes of geological research. This category is for sites located in Asia. 4950 This is a regional sub category of Government Geological Surveys - for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government principally for the purposes of geological research. This category is for sites located in Europe, including the UK and Ireland. 4946 This is a regional sub category of Government Geological Surveys - for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government principally for the purposes of geological research. This category is for sites located in the Middle East. 4945 6477 This is a regional sub category of Government Geological Surveys - for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government principally for the purposes of geological research. This category is for sites located in Canada. 6476 This is a regional sub category of Government Geological Surveys - for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government principally for the purposes of geological research. This category is for sites located in the United States, but not Canada. 4944 This is a regional sub category of Government Geological Surveys - for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government principally for the purposes of geological research. This category is for sites located in Australia, NewZealand and the Pacific Islands. 4947 This is a regional sub category of Government Geological Surveys - for offical sites run by National, State and Local Government principally for the purposes of geological research. This category is for sites located in South America. 997 Web sites pertaining to the use of Geology in the Oil and Gas Industry. Any activity that does not fit into an existing subcategory is listed here. 2856 Consulting organizations that deal mainly with geology, although some geophysical and engineering may be included as well. 2861 Organizations that primarily perform geophysical data acquisition and interpretation. Includes consultants. 2860 2859 Professional Organizations related specifically to petroleum geology. 2858 Organizations whose primary purpose is to test rocks and fluids for the petroleum industry. 2857 Institutions that primarily perform research and training, non-profit or for profit. Some also do consulting. 990 The study of rocks, which are aggregates of minerals. 983 This category is for geology books, magazines, and journals. 989 996 Rocks and Minerals includes the scientific studies of mineralogy and petrology. The category also includes web sites devoted to the appreciation, acquisition, and collecting of precious stones, including rockhounding. 2851 2854 This category is for information about gemstones and their properties. Gemstones are generally regarded as: Polished fragments of 'precious' and 'semi-precious' minerals, used for decorative purposes. Examples of Precious Stones: Diamonds / Sapphires / Rubies / Emeralds Examples of Semi-Precious Stones: Topaz / Garnet / Spinels. Examples of Other stones used as gems: Jade / Agate / Opal 2850 Any sites related to Igneous rocks and their study, rather than individual minerals, unless discussed in an entirly igneous setting. 2845 4955 The geology of gold garners a level of interest that is out of proportion to its inherent scientific interest or its relative importance in technology and industry. 6480 Panning is the act of washing gravel in a pan (usually made of metal) in such a way as to separate out any valuable rocks and minerals from the sediment. 2847 Any sites related to Metamorphic rocks and their study, rather than individual minerals unless discussed in an entirly metamorphic setting. Metamorphic Rocks include: Slate, Gnieiss, Schist, Phyllite, Migmatite, Granulite, Marble, Quartzite. 2849 A Meteorite is a fragment of rock (often with a very high metallic content) that has its origins in outer space. 2853 Web sites about minerals and mineralogy. 4961 4962 Commercial websites of dealers in mineral specimens. For dealers offering a wider range of rocks and minerals, see Science:Earth Sciences:Geology:Rocks and Minerals:Shop. 4959 4960 Optical mineralogy, the microscopic study of minerals (primarily in thin section), is one subfield of the science of mineralogy. This category contains web sites about thin-section preparation, the characteristics of minerals in thin section, and other aspects of optical mineralogy. 2843 Examples of non-metallic rocks and minerals of economic interest include coal, gemstones, construction aggregate (gravel or riprap), building stone, salt, gypsum and anhydrite, industrial-grade clays, fluorspar, phosphate, nitrate, and barite. Peat moss is included here because it is a fossil resource (i.e., it is mined faster than it is formed) similar in many respects to coal. 2848 4956 6481 A collection or federation of local gem and mineralogical societies for a geographic area, with links or lists of member clubs and societies. 4957 2846 2844 Principally for sites that describe a mineral setting, whether it be from a collectors view point, or the description of a mineral holotype. Holotype : The locality that describes the mineral - usually where it was first discovered. 2855 Rockhounding is the pursuit of colorful stones and minerals for making objects of art, including jewelry. 2842 Sedimentary rocks are those rocks which form at or near the earth's surface at relatively low temperatures and pressures primarily by either: 1.Deposition by water, wind or ice; 2.precipitation from solution (may be biologically mediated); and /or 3.growth in position by organic processes (e.g., carbonate reefs). Examples include sandstone, limestone, shale, dolomite, and rock salt. 4954 6479 6478 This category is for websites dealing with any aspect of the study of sequence stratigraphy. 2852 4958 982 Software whose use may include oil and gas, but it extends beyond into mining and more generic uses in subsurface analysis. 991 992 995 2837 Volcano Cams: Real-time digital cameras have been installed on several volcanoes around the world to provide viewers with up-to-the-second web images of eruptive activity, if any, and current weather. Video cams are not cheap or easy to maintain, so some of them come and go or operate periodically. The following list of video cams were operating when these sites were compiled. 2835 Lists and links to various scientific sites about volcanoes. 2841 2839 This category is for websites containing primarily images of volcanoes. 2840 2833 Scientific and professional organizations dealing with the study of volcanoes and volcanic processes. 2834 Journals, images, and personal experiences regarding volcanoes. 2838 Sites about research on volcanoes, or on some aspect of volcanology. 2836 Videos on tapes, CDROMs, and DVDs of volcanoes and volcanic eruptions. 202 Geomatics is the science and technology of gathering, analyzing, interpreting, distributing and using geographic information. Geomatics encompasses a broad range of disciplines that can be brought together to create a detailed but understandable picture of the physical world and our place in it. These disciplines include: surveying & mapping; remote sensing; geographic information systems (GIS); and global positioning system (GPS) Geomatics is one of the fastest-growing technology sectors of the 1990s. Applications areas include the environment; land management and reform; development planning; infrastructure management; natural resource monitoring and development; and coastal zone management and mapping. -- Source: derived from Natural Resources Canada 1001 999 1006 1007 Geodesy is the study of the size and shape of the Earth's surface and the creation of theoretical mathematical models of the surface that best fits the physical data. 1005 GPS (Global Positioning System) consists of 24 satellites in orbit. With appropriate receiving equipment the system can be used to determine geographical co-ordinates such as position and height. There are many uses of GPS including navigation, mapping, surveying, and monitoring. This Open Directory Category is for GPS sites that relate to Geomantics, that is the study and measurement of the physical environment of the earth. 2876 2877 2875 GPS applications for marine and aviation use. 1008 Links to land surveying resources on the Internet. 2884 The Science: Earth Sciences: Geomatics: Land Surveying: Associations category contains Professional Land Surveying Organizations. 4968 The Science: Earth Sciences: Geomatics: Land Surveying: Associations category contains Professional Land Surveying Organizations. 2883 2881 2886 Equipment and Supplies 4971 4969 4970 2878 2880 National/Federal level sites of all countries 2882 2885 2879 998 2865 2864 2863 2862 2866 1004 The science of obtaining data about structures, objects and physical features of the earth through the processes of recording and interpreting photographs and other electromagnetic imagery. 2873 4967 Photogrammetry is the art and science of using photographs to measure objects which cannot be touched directly. It is primarily used for creating maps from photographs of the Earth. Photogrammetry companies frequently also take the aerial photographs, and sometimes also provide land surveying or other related services. 2874 1002 1000 1003 Remote sensing is the gathering of information about an object without being in physical contact with the object, usually by methods that detect electromagnetic energy. Such observations are often made from spacecraft and aircraft. 2869 2870 2871 2872 This is a repository of links concerning hyperspectral remote sensing platforms and the processing of hyperspectral data. An instrument is classes as hyperspectral if it acquires multispectral images in many narrow contiguous spectral bands (typically 100+). 4965 4966 4964 6482 6483 2867 Sites that deal specifically with a certain remote sensing platform or sensor. 2868 4963 199 955 Earthquake - A sudden movement of the earth's crust caused by the release of stress accumulated along geologic faults or by volcanic activity. Also called seism, temblor. 2732 2730 Sites and categories about specific major earthquakes in history and their aftermath. 4871 Sites providing information on and assistance to the victims of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake which occurred on Sunday, December 26, 2004 off the west coast of northern Sumatra, and the following tsunamis in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Bangladesh. 6399 Sites providing information about relief and recovery efforts and organizations. There are also sites on how individuals can help. 6401 6402 6404 This category contains sites offering lists or databases of those missing, injured, or dead in the disaster. 6400 6406 This category contains news coverage, special reports and other regularly updated information sources. 6405 6403 4870 2731 4872 6407 953 954 2729 2727 2728 205 Meteorology is the branch of science which studies weather. It is often an inexact science, especially when forecasting is involved, so that predictions often are stated as a percentage of probability. Listings here should concern the scientific practice of meteorology, information about weather events of historical interest, meteology as a hobby, and some instruments and products which either facilitate scientific meteorology or come from that background. Listings related to finding or reporting weather news should go to News: Weather. 1023 1028 1030 1025 1019 2932 2931 2933 2927 2930 2929 2926 4972 2928 1021 2935 2934 1026 This category covers scientific and industrial instruments, systems, and supplies used in the meteorological industry. This includes all of the specialized sensors, instruments, equipment, and services that might be used within this discipline, and anything that scientists, educators, and engineers might need in the course of their meteorological work. Your products, devices, or service must be related to the meteorological sciences in some obvious way, to be listed in the category of [Science: Earth Sciences: Meteorology: Instruments]. This is a listing of equipment and/or services, not just talking about the science or the weather. Sites which cover the latest news and information on meteorological sciences and instruments, and sites that provide direct meteorological information, should be listed within [News: Weather]. Sites which cover consumer goods, hobby goods, and/or products for the serious amateur should be listed within [Shopping: Recreation and Hobbies: Science and Nature: Earth Science: Meteorology]. Please, English language sites only. Sites in other languages are listed in World/-----. 1020 1024 2936 1031 1027 Websites dedicated to chasing severe local storms, hurricanes, tornadoes and other severe weather phenomena. 2939 This section contains links to individuals and companies who offer products directly connected to the storm chasing community. Items offered include storm chasing photographs and videos, books on chasing (and general meteorology), and the tools of the trade (software, electronics, etc.). *** NOTICE REGARDING CHASE TOUR OPERATORS *** Due to the volatile issues that the subject tends to raise, individuals or companies that offer storm chase tours are sometimes asked to provide references to authenticate their status before submissions are approved. This is the policy of the category editor, not the ODP, and is designed merely to provide the most current and accurate information to the Net community. Apologies for any undue delay in the review process are given in advance. 2937 Non-profit storm chasing clubs and organizations. 2938 Personal homes pages for members of the storm chase community are indexed in this category. The links below represent an excellent way to gain insight into the chasing concept without renting a vehicle and cruising the Alley. 1022 The study of Urban Climate is increasingly important in a world where the majority of people live in ever-expanding urbanized areas. Effects studied include pollution, air flow among highrises, the effects of trees and parks in urban areas on temperature and humidity, urban heat islands (the local heating effect caused by heat-absorbent building and pavement materials), and more. Also of interest to students of urban climate is the consequences of such effects to human health and well-being. 1029 2947 4977 2946 Websites about the climate phenomena El Niño and La Niña, including ENSO in general and related topics. El Niño and La Niña are disruptions of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific having important consequences for weather around the globe. La Niña is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific, compared to El Niño, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific. ENSO is the generic term for these phenomena. (source: NOAA - text slightly adapted) 4976 Websites related to the prediction of El Niño and La Niña. 2949 4978 Hurricanes are one of the most destructive forces in nature. While there is nothing that we can do to stop them, these alerts, reports, and warnings can help us survive the storm. 6488 6487 6486 6485 4981 4984 4982 4986 4979 4980 4985 6491 The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 made landfall on the city of Galveston, Texas, on September 8, 1900. It had estimated winds of 135 miles per hour (217 km/h), making it a Category 4 storm on the Saffir-Simpson scale. 6490 2005 Hurricane Katrina was one of the worst natural disasters in U.S. history. Aug 25 - Tropical Storm Katrina upgraded to Hurricane. Aug 25 - Severity 1 Katrina hits Florida killing seven. Aug 28 - Strengthens to Severity 1 in Gulf of Mexico. Aug 29 - Hits Gulf Coast near New Orleans as Severity 4 causing tremendous damage. Aug 30 - Water from swolen Lake Pontchartrain overflow a levee. Broken levees flood up to 80% New Orleans which is below sea level. And it just got harder from there. Devastating damage. Rescues. Evacuations. Shortages of food and water. Logistics. Communications. 8188 This category contains sites offering lists or databases of those missing, injured, or dead in the disaster. 8189 This category contains news coverage, special reports and other regularly updated information sources. 8190 10833 6489 Hurricane Rita started in the Key West area, which is located off the southern tip of Florida, USA. It moved westward and became a category 5 hurricane in the middle of the Gulf of Mexico. The path of the phenomenon finally met land between the Texas and Louisiana state borders at a category 3. The actual path of the storm and the weather predictions were fairly close to computer models. The evacuation of major urban centers during a storm continued to be a problem as traffic congestion slowed travel down to 5 miles per hour. This is tough on motor vehicles and causes engines to warm up. This may or may not be the cause for the bus explosion with elderly patient evacuees. The cities of Galveston, Beaumont and Port Charles took the worse hit from the initial storm. The oil refineries and chemical plants in Texas suffered only minor damage. On the negative side, several New Orlean's levees in Louisiana that were hard hit during Hurricane Katrina broke and caused flooding again to occur in certain neighborhoods. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and active military were prepositioned, this time, near the predicted affected areas. 8187 Articles from televisions, radio and newspapers that cover weather impact issues related to Hurricane Rita. 4983 4987 6492 Tropical Cyclone tracking software available for purchase, or free download over the internet. 2941 2943 2945 2942 2944 Lightning. Red sprites, blue jets, ball lightning, lightning pictures. 4974 6484 Reports of artificial ball lightning-like phenomena. 4975 4973 Red sprites and blue jets are upper atmospheric optical phenomena associated with thunderstorms that have only recently been documented using low light level television technology. 2948 Sites related to scientific study of tornadoes and their cousins, waterspouts. 2940 191 This category serves as a collection and reference point for those parts of earth science concerned with earthquakes, hurricanes, and other natural events causing damage and destruction. Resources include educational materials for dealing with natural disasters, links to other categories exploring more particular hazards, and research on disasters as such. 930 934 932 This category deals with one of the most destructive weather phenomenons, floods. Floods can be caused by hurricanes and heavy rains. They can be in rivers, lakes, streams, even that little harmless creek up the road. Sites listed here discuss anything flood related, from specific flood incidents to the phenomenon behind floods, to how to deal with flooding before and after. 2722 4869 2723 2724 Containing sites related to the warning and forecasting of floods and flood conditions. All other flood pages are in the parent category. 936 937 News on the most recent disasters effecting our planet. For history of natural and manmade disasters, check out Society: History: By Time Period: Twentieth Century: Disasters. 935 933 931 2721 204 Oceanography and marine science directory 1012 Oceanographic Societies, Associations and Clubs 1013 Forthcoming and past conferences, symposia and workshops with an oceanographic theme. 1017 National and International Oceanographic Data Centres 1010 1014 2891 2908 2916 2912 2899 Oceanographic institututions in Chile. 2889 2900 2906 2905 2917 2911 2902 2904 2892 2920 Iranian oceanographic institutions and organisations including University and Government departments. 2909 2901 2897 2894 2913 2890 2910 2888 Philippines oceanographic university departments and research institutes. 2903 2914 2898 2893 2896 2887 2915 2907 2895 2919 2918 1015 Oceanographic Journals, Magazines and other regular publications. 1011 Libraries and virtual libraries concerned with oceanography. Also contains links to bibliographic sites. 1009 1016 2923 Oceanographic and Marine Consultants 2924 Oceanographic instrument and equipment manufacturers, providers and suppliers. 2921 Oceanographic and marine software 2925 Oceanographic supplies 2922 Ship and vessel services 1018 A resource listing a number of links to oceanographic projects, current and past. 186 The science of representing the earth's geographic features througth the geological times. 200 Paleontology is the study of past life, mostly through fossils, which are the preserved remains of ancient life forms. This category includes resources related to the science of paleontology, as well as for collectors of fossils. 964 This category is for any website dealing with academic departments performing paleontological research. 957 Amber is the fossilized resin of trees. It is generally a golden brown color, very low density, and may or may not contain fossil inclusions such as trapped plant material, insects, or other small animals. This category is for website dealing with the study of amber. Sites offering amber products for sale should be submitted to: http://dmoz.org/Shopping/Recreation_and_Hobbies/Science_and_Nature/Earth_Science/Amber/ 970 The fascinating field of reconstructing past life is augmented by the contributions of talented artists who take up the challenge of determining how that life might looked. This category is for any website dealing with paleontology-themed art. 2791 This category is for the websites of individual artists who specialize in paleontology-themed art. 2790 Paleontological artwork has done more to interest people in living creatures of the past than any other medium. From the titanic battles between tyrannosaurids and triceratopians to the gentle, maternal reconstructions of _Maia_ nurturing a passel of nestlings, the study of dinosaurs has been graced with inspirational reconstructions by talented artists. This category contains links to a variety of sites featuring dinosaur artwork. 977 The study of paleontology can be broken down in a number of ways. One way to study past life is to examine specific intervals of the earth's past. This category is for any website that deals with the study of these intervals. 2806 The Cenozoic is the age of "New Life" - the age of the mammals. It began at the end of the Cretaceous with the great Cretaceous/Tertiary mass extinction, and continues until the present day. This category is for any website dealing with the study Cenozoic life as preserved in the fossil record. 2805 The Mesozoic, or "Middle Life", Era is commonly called the Age of Dinosaurs. It began with the catastrophic Permian/Triassic mass extinction, and was truncated by the Cretaceous/Tertiary mass extinction, and is composed of the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods. This category is for any website dealing with the fossil reocrd of the Mesozoic. 4937 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the paleontology of the Cretaceous Period. 4936 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the paleontology of the Jurassic Period. 4938 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the paleontology of the Triassic Period. 2804 The Paleozoic, or "Old Life", Era is sometimes called the "Age of Fishes." It began with the Cambrian Explosion, a short period of time in which an enormous diversification of complex life occurred, and ended with the great Permian/Triassic mass extinction. It is composed of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous (Mississippian and Pennsylvanian in North America), and Permian Periods. This category is for any website dealing with the Paleozoic fossil record. 4935 The Cambrian marks the beginning of the Phanerozoic, the age of complex life. While living things have a fossil record going back several million years, complex life forms diversified at a dizzying pace in the Cambrian. The Cambrian fauna includes many familiar groups, but also includes a large number of extinct, and very unusual, fossil taxa. This category is for any website dealing with the Cambrian Period. 4930 The Carboniferous Period, or the Age of Coal, is sandwiched between the Devonian and Permain Periods. In North America, this period of geological time is divided into the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian. Submissions for this category should relate to the animal and plant life of the Carboniferous period. 6475 6474 4934 The Devonian Period, 410 to 360 million years ago, is best known as the "age of fishes". While it's true that fish experienced an explosive radiation at this time, it also marked a major change in the terrestrial ecosystem as life began to move wholesale from the water to the land. This period saw the widespread colonization of the land by vascular plants and the formation of the first forests, while beneath their spreading branches the newly evolved tetrapod animals took their first tentative steps out of the water. 4933 4931 4932 2803 The Proterozoic, or the Age of First Life, encompasses most of the history of earth, from the time of the oldest preserved fossils to the Cambrian explosion. In general, the fossil organisms are less complex than those found later in life, and the preserved ecosystems are also simpler than later life assemblages. Such economically important deposits as the various Banded Iron formations, and biologically important deposits as the first stromatolites, are Proterozoic in age. 976 This category is for website dealing with professional paleontology meetings. Please include information about where and when the meeting will take place in your description. 972 Online paleontology databases are the newest way to share paleontological information. Included in this category are a variety of databases dealing with the taxonomy, ecology, and geological ranges of ancient organisms. 2792 This category is for online paleontological catalog databases for research institutions such as museums. 2793 Collections of paleontological references. 2794 4925 This category is for websites dealing with databases of vertebrate paleontology research collections such as those found in museums. 958 Dinosaurs were a focus of interest for people for hundreds of years before the release of "Jurassic Park." These fascinating Mesozoic reptiles were one of the first fossil groups to have a major presence on the internet, and the number of dinosaur websites grows every day. This category contains a wide variety of dinosaur websites, from children's art sites to highly technical taxonomic sites. 2741 This category contains sites about dinosaur digs, including how you can join one. 2733 This category is for dinosaur-themed link directories and search engines. 2738 This category is for virtual and real dinosaur exhibits. 2734 This category is for websites dealing with famous localities where dinosaur fossils have been found. 2737 Could T. rex really run fast? How did a animal that weighed as much as a sauropod walk? What did Triceratops eat? Functional morphology is the study of how organims work, and functional morphologic sites like those listed here address how dinosaurs worked. 2736 This category is for websites dealing with a specific dinosaur taxon. 4873 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the genus Archaeopteryx. 4875 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the dinosaur genus Triceratops. 4874 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the tyrannosaurids, including Tyrannosaurus rex. 2743 This category is for websites dealing with the construction of models and sculptures of dinosaurs. 2740 Movies about dinosaurs. 2742 From roadside attractions to huge dinosaur plantations, dinosaur parks are a world-wide phenomenon. This category is for websites dealing with dinosaur-themed parks and tourist attractions. 2739 Taxonomy is the study of classifying organisms. The profusion of dinosaur sites on the web has given rise to many sites dealing exclusively with dinosaur taxonomy. This category contains a listing of some of those sites. 2735 This category is for websites dealing with the non-body fossil remains of dinosaurs such as preserved trackways. 973 This category is for websites that list links to paleontology internet resources. 967 This category is for any website dealing with the teaching of paleontology as an academic study. 2780 Classes on paleontology in general, the history of life, and dinosaurs at the college or university level vary from general interest courses to highly advanced graduate level classes. This category is for any website dealing with a undergraduate or graduate-level paleontology-themed class, educational project, or initiative. 4912 Classes about dinosaurs offered at colleges and universities. 4911 This category is for websites about undergraduate and graduate classes in the history of life on earth. 4913 This category is for website for undergraduate and graduate classes in invertebrate paleontology. 2779 A list of sites with educational resources for elementary, middle, and high school teachers. Most sites contain suggestions for paleontology exercises geared toward K-12 classrooms, but many can also be adapted to home schooling. 4910 This category is for educational material about dinosaurs aimed toward primary, secondary, and high school students. 978 Most animals and plants that ever lived died out long before the present. The fossil record reveals that there are several periods of time in the earth's past when the extinction rate was very high (e.g., at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, and the Permian/Triassic boundary) - causing mass extinctions of a large percentage of the species. This category contains sites dealing with the subjects of extinction and mass extinctions in the fossil record. 2808 This category is for websites dealing with the scientific study of the end-Mesozoic mass extinction. 4939 This category is for websites dealing with the theory that the impact of an extraterrestrial object led to the end-Mesozoic mass extinction. 2807 The extinction at the end of the Paleozoic was the largest recorded in the fossil record. Theories abound as to why this extinction occured. The world was irrevocably changed after this event, which marked the end of many characteristically Paleozoic lineages. This category is for sites specifically dealing with this extinction. 2809 Websites about extinction phenomena in the Holocene Epoch (approximately the last 10,000 years), particularly past, ongoing, and future extinctions due to the actions of humans. 966 Some fossil localities have become famous because of their exceptional fossil preservation. Sites dealing with these paleontological treasures can be found in this category. 2778 The famous Burgess Shale of British Columbia contains an exceptionally well preserved Cambrian fauna. This group of animals, which are preserved primarily as carbon films, is one of the earliest nearly complete record of the age of complex life, and opens a window into an ecosystem that died out hundreds of millions of years ago. 2767 This category contains subcategories for famous fossil collecting localties in Europe. 2773 The Green River Formation outcrops in western Colorado, eastern Utah and southwestern Wyoming. The unit was deposited during the Eocene, and contains fossil fish, insects, and especially beautifully preserved plant fossils. 2775 Rancho La Brea is located in downtown Los Angeles, and has yielded an amazing assemblage of Pleistocene (Ice Age) fossil mammals. 2774 Lyme Regis is located in Dorset, England. The cliffs at Lyme Regis are composed of sediment deposited during the Jurassic, and have yielded marine fossils such as ammonoids and spectacular marine reptiles. The fossils of Lyme Regis fired the imagination of some of the earliest palaeontologists, and the site continues to amaze and delight fossil collectors. This location, with the surrounding coast of Devon and Dorset, has recently been accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This distinction is expected to greatly increase the number of visitors with a geological interest to the area. 2777 Mazon Creek in Illinois contains concretions which, when cracked open, frequently contain beautifully preserved fossils. Both terrestrial and marine fossils have been recovered from Mazon Creek, including the enigmatic "Tully Monster" which is also the state fossil of Illinois. The deposit is Pennsylvanian in age. 2770 This category is for websites dealing with the world-famous Messel Oil Shale. 2772 This category is for websites dealing with the world-famous Morrison Formation of western North America. 2768 This category contains subcategories for famous fossil collecting localties in North America. 2769 This category is for websites dealing with the world-famous Petrified Forest of Arizona. 2771 This category is for websites dealing with the world-famous Rhynie Chert. 2776 The Solnhofen Limestone is a lithographic limestone quarried in Germany because of its fine grained characteristics. The quarriers frequently come across fossils preserved in exquisite detail in this fine grain matrix. Based on the odd behavior recorded by some marine organisms (e.g., horseshoe crabs running around in circles and then dying, preserving both the trackway and the body fossil), and the level of preservation, it has been suggested that the Solnhofen was deposited in an anoxic environment. The deposit is Jurassic in age. Such famous taxa as _Archaeopteryx_ were first described from the Solnhofen. 963 Collecting fossils is an enjoyable hobby for many enthusiasts. This category is for any website dealing with recreational fossil collecting. 2757 This category contains links to major fossil groups listed in other parts of the directory. Please submit your site to the most appropriate subcategory. 2758 The issue of who owns fossil resources has been the subject of debate in recent years, especially with very valuable vertebrate fossils. This category is for websites dealing with fossil collecting laws, discussions of cases, and related legal issues. 959 This category is for websites dealing with the study of the human history of the study of paleontology. 965 The most common animal macrofossils in the rock record are the reamins of animals without backbones - the invertebrates. This category is for any website dealing with the study of individual invertebrate fossil groups. 2759 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of arthropods. Please examine the subcategories for more specific taxa. 4905 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of insects. 4904 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of ostracods. 4903 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of trilobites, a group of arthropods which went extinct at the end of the Paleozoic Era. 2764 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of brachiopods. 2765 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of bryozoans. 2761 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of corals. 2762 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of echinoderms. 4909 This category is for any websites which deals specifically with the fossil record of crinoids. 2763 This category is for websites that deal specifically with the fossil record of graptolites, an extinct colonial taxon presumably related to hemichordates. 2760 This category is for any website which deals specifically with the fossil record of mollusks. Please submit websites about individual molluscan taxa to the appropriate subcategory. 4907 This category is for any website which deals specifically with the fossil record of bivalves (clams, scallops, oysters, etc.). 4908 This category is for any website which deals specifically with the fossil record of cephalopods. 6472 This category is for website dealing specifically with ammonoids, and extinct group of cephalopods. 4906 This category is for any website which deals specifically with the fossil record of scaphopods (tusk shells). 2766 This category is for any website which deals specifically with the fossil record of sponges. 980 Micropaleontology is the study of microscopic remains of ancient life. Such marine micro-organisms as diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminifera, silicoflagellates, and radiolarians all have very good fossil record. Plant pollen also has an extensive microfossil record. 2815 This category is for any website which deals specifically with the fossil record of diatoms, a silica-producing algae. 2814 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of dinoflagellates. 2812 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of forams. 2813 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of radiolarians. 975 This category is for websites dealing with specific professional paleontologists. 2800 This category is for websites dealing with specific professional paleontologists who specialize in the study of the invertebrate fossil record. 4929 6473 2802 This category is for websites about professional paleontologists who specialize in the study of the fossil record of microfossils. 2801 This category is for websites about professional paleontologists who specialize in the study of the fossil record of plants. 2799 This category is for websites dealing with specific professional paleontologists who specialize in the study of the vertebrate fossil record. 4928 This category is for websites dealing with specific professional paleontologists who specialize in the study of the dinosaur fossil record. 4926 This category is for the websites of vertebrate paleontologists who study early tetrapods. 4927 This category is for websites dealing with specific professional paleontologists who specialize in the study of the mammalian fossil record. 974 Websites offering paleontological supplies, equipment, models, and specimens. 2796 This category is for websites dealing with the scientific reconstruction of once living things using art. This includes both traditional two dimensional art as well as sculpture and multimedia reconstructions. 2797 This category is for websites offering equipment for the collecting, labelling, and preparation of fossil material. 2798 This category is for websites offering models and/or reconstructions of fossil organisms. 2795 This category is for websites dealing with software used in paleontology. 979 Publications (books, magazines, and journals) dealing with paleontological subjects. 2811 This category is for websites about paleontology-themed books or e-books. 2810 This category is for professional, peer-reviewed paleontology journals. 4940 Micropaleontology is the study of microscopic fossils of all varieties. 960 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of a specific area or region. 2748 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Africa. 4885 This category is for sites dealing with the paleontology of the African country of Ethiopia. 6471 This category is for sites dealing with the paleontology of the famous Mesozoic vertebrate localities along the Blue Nile Gorge of Ethiopia. 4883 This category is for sites dealing with the paleontology of Kenya. 4882 This category is for sites dealing with the paleontology of the African country of Morocco. 4884 This category is for sites dealing with the paleontology of the country of South Africa. 2747 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Asia. 4881 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Japan. 2750 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Europe. 4902 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Austria. 4890 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Belgium. 4889 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of the Czech Republic. 4899 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of France. 4898 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Germany. 4901 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Italy. 4895 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of the Netherlands. 4893 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Norway. 4897 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Poland. 4888 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Portugal. 4900 This category is for websites about fossils from the country of Romania. 4894 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Russia. 4896 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Spain. 4891 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Switzerland. 4892 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Turkey. 4887 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of the United Kingdom. 2751 This category is for websites dealing with the paleontology of the Middle Eastern region. 2745 4878 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Canada. 6468 For websites dealing with fossils from or paleontological exhibits in Alberta, Canada. 6466 This category is for websites dealing with fossils from or paleontological exhibits in British Columbia, Canada. 6463 This category is for websites dealing with fossils or paleontology of Manitoba. 6462 This category is for websites dealing with fossils or paleontology of New Brunswick. 6459 This category is for websites dealing with fossils from or paleontological exhibits in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. 6461 This category is for websites dealing with fossils or paleontology of the Northwest Territories of Canada. 6467 This category is for websites dealing with fossils from or paleontological exhibits in Nova Scotia, Canada. 6465 This category is for websites dealing with fossils or paleontology of Ontario. 6464 This category is for website about fossils from or paleontological exhibits in Prince Edward Island, Canada. 6470 This category is for websites dealing with fossils or paleontology of Quebec. 6469 This category is for websites dealing with fossils from or paleontological exhibits in Saskatchewan, Canada. 6460 This category is for websites dealing with fossils or paleontology of the Yukon Territory of Canada. 4877 This category contains links to sites dealing with paleontology in the United States. It is set up to be primarily a resource for "paleotourists", and it includes sites with local state collection information, the National Park Service, and local Natural History Museums. Also included are paleontology and rock clubs. 6423 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Alabama. 6452 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Alaska. 8186 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of the dinosaur bonebed along the Colville River on the North Slope of Alaska. 6428 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Arizona. 6457 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology Arkansas. 6447 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of California. 8182 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of the Pliocene deposits from the Kettleman Hills district of California. 6437 8179 Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument in Colorado protects a world famous sedimentary unit deposited in a volcanic environment during the Oligocene. The white "paper shales" yield exquisitely preserved plant remains, insects, and fish. 6409 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology Connecticut. 6421 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Delaware. 6438 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Florida. 6413 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Georgia. 6410 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Hawaii. 6426 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Idaho. 6449 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Illinois. 6450 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Indiana. 8184 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of the Devonian-aged deposits at Falls of the Ohio State Park, Indiana. 6427 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Iowa. 6441 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Kansas. 6456 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Kentucky. 6425 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Louisiana. 6411 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Maine. 6439 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Maryland. 8180 TThis category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of the Cenozoic deposits at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. 6418 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Massachusetts. 6419 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Michigan. 6429 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Minnesota. 6454 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Mississippi. 6417 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Missouri. 6433 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Montana. 6440 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Nebraska. 6434 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Nevada. 6422 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of New Hampshire. 6453 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of New Jersey. 6435 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of New Mexico. 6432 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of New York. 6458 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of North Carolina. 6416 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of North Dakota. 6451 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Ohio. 8185 This category is for websites dealing with any aspect of the paleontology of the world famous Upper Ordovician Cincinnatian Series as exposed in the rocks around Cincinnati, Ohio. 6420 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Oklahoma. 6424 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Oregon. 6430 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Pennsylvania. 6455 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Rhode Island. 6412 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils and paleontology of South Carolina. 6443 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of South Dakota. 6415 This category is for any website dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Tennessee. 6448 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Texas. 8183 This category is for sites dealing with the fossil vertebrate trackway, and other fossils, in the Glen Rose, Texas area. 6446 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Utah. 8181 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of the Cambrian Wheeler Shale of Utah. 6414 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Vermont. 6444 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Virginia. 6431 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of the state of Washington. 6408 6445 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of West Virginia. 6436 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Wisconsin. 6442 This category is for websites dealing with the fossils or paleontology of Wyoming. 2746 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Oceania. 4879 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Australia. 4880 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of New Zealand. 2744 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of the earth's northern or southern polar regions. 4876 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Antarctica. 2749 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of South America. 4886 This category is for any website which deals with fossils or paleontology of Argentina. 968 The sites in this category contain information about where to get money for paleontological research. 961 This site contains a list of professional and amateur organization associated with the study of paleontology. 2753 This category is for paleontology organizations world-wide. 2755 Malacology is the study of mollusks (clams, snails, squid, etc.), which is a phylum with a very good fossil record. This category is for organizations dedicated to the scientific study of mollusks. 2754 This category is for organizations dedicated to the scientific study of microfossils. 2752 This category is for organizations dedicated to the scientific study of the vertebrate fossil record. 962 Taphonomy is the study of the post-mortem history of organic remains. Taphonomic processes can be constructive (as in those processes that lead to fossilization), or more commonly destructive. Understanding taphonomy is essential to the proper interpretation of fossil deposits. 2756 This category is for the websites dealing with the study of the post-mortem history of bones and other vertebrate fossils. 971 Trace fossils, or ichnofossils, are the preserved evidence of animals activity found in the rock record. They range from dinosaur footprints to worm burrows to root traces. This category is for any website dealing with the study of trace fossils. 969 Vertebrate paleontology is the study of ancient animals with backbones: fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, birds. 2781 University and Museum vertebrate paleontology departments (degree- and non-degree-granting). 2784 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of birds. 2789 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of condonts, which are small phosphatic fossils of somewhat uncertain affinities. 2782 During the Devonian Period vertebrate life underwent a fundamental change, moving gradually from the water to the land. The transformation of fish into tetrapods (animals with four limbs) ranks alongside the development of the backbone and the amniote egg as a key moment in animal evolution. 2783 This category is for websites dealing with virtual and actual exhibits about vertebrate paleontology. 2786 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of fish. 4914 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of sharks, rays, and related groups. 2787 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of mammals. 4918 Websites dealing with fossil artiodactyls including deer, pigs, antelope and other even toed ungulates. 4920 Websites about fossil carnivores including fossil cats, bears, sabertooth cats, dogs, weasels. 4919 Websites dealing with fossil whales 4917 Websites about fossil bats. 4923 Searchable fossil mammal collections and databases. 4924 Online and offline exhibits dealing with fossil mammals. 4922 Fossil Marsupial sites 4915 Websites about fossil horses, rhinos and tapirs. 4916 Fossil elephants, mammoths, mastodons, and gomphotheres. 4921 Websites dealing with fossil rodents 2785 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of marine reptiles such as mososaurs. 2788 This category is for websites dealing specifically with the fossil record of pterosaurs, which were winged reptiles of the Mesozoic Era. 956 This category is for the homepages of paleontology and/or fossil-themed webrings. 196 950 949 951 952 188 929 928 2716 2714 2719 2718 2717 2715 2720 195 948 Information about techniques with special application to determining the age of Quaternary samples. 2726 942 943 944 946 941 945 947 187 34 93 Use this catagory for resources that pertain to the assessment of science education. These are methods or materials which generate an indication of mastery for the subject or topic. 88 92 This catagory is for sites that are primarily concerned with the supply, manufacture or repair of equipment specifically intended to be used in the provision of education in any of the fields of science. 89 532 A dramatic demonstration of the principle behind sodium arc lights, by passing an electrical current through a pickle of other salty foods. 90 Sites that contain lesson plans for science. Lesson plans usually contain such information as: age level, required materials, objective, clear instructions or procedure. 87 Generally, programs to mentor all ages of students interested in science and math topics and careers of all types and, when applicable, adults with similar interests, including actual or potential science and math teachers. Mentoring programs implicitly and sometimes explicitly target 'historically underrepresented populations' for mentoring, but sites in this category are not limited to this focus. 91 85 86 531 The category name pretty much speaks for itself. Science fairs are a general term for what is usually an annual event at most American schools at which students present the results of some sort of research. Most students and their parents have difficulty figuring out what to do or how to do it. Information in this category should help with that, but it is not intended to provide shortcuts to do projects in the least amount of time (with the least effort) possible. There is simply no such thing as a high-quality, low-effort and low-substance research project. 530 33 Webpages that offer advice and employment information for careers in the sciences. 83 Web sites which primarily offer online tools for posting, searching and retrieving science related jobs. 84 This category is for students and professionals seeking jobs as interns, lab assistants and researchers. Webpages should, ideally, include education, work related experiences, publications (if any), and personal background. 82 Listings related to employment services and staffing agencies that specialize in science and scientific employment. 529 Regional and classification specific organizations of recruiters and staffing services. 30 Scientific aspects (and many non-scientific aspects) of environmental protection, natural heritage conservation, sustainable living, environmental impact of technologies, and global environmental change. Environmental Science involves the focused application of many other fields of science and engineering, and therefore is related to Biology, Earth Sciences, Chemistry, Physics, Engineering, and the Social Sciences. All resources are organized in subcategories of Science:Environment. For general environmental science topics, start with Directories, Organizations or Journals. For environmental consulting and other products and services see individual topic listing or Products and Services 58 Technically oriented websites about the environmental aspects of agriculture, including agricultural pollution and its control. 419 73 Information, organizations, research, information and services that are concerned with improving air quality. 491 Acid deposition includes acid rain and other acidic precipiation, but also dry deposition of acidic compounds. 488 In the context of this "Air Dispersion Modeling" category, air dispersion models may be defined as computerized mathematical calculations for predicting the dispersion behavior of air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. The many types of air dispersion models include those for modeling: the continuous emission of buoyant pollutant plumes; the non-continuous accidental releases of either buoyant or heavier-than-air (i.e., dense gas) pollutants; puff emissions; point-source emissions; area-source or line-source emissions; mobile transportation-source emissions; fire and smoke emission models; etc. Air quality models for urban airsheds are probably best placed in the "Air Quality" category rather than in this "Air Dispersion" category. Sources for air dispersion modeling information include governmental agencies, research institutes, university faculty and post-graduate students, environmental consultants, industrial dispersion modeling practitioners, and pollution meteorologists. 2397 In the context of this "Air Dispersion Modeling/Consultants" category, air dispersion models may be defined as computerized mathematical calculations for predicting the dispersion behavior of air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. In the same context, consultants are those who offer air dispersion modeling services. Such consultants may be governmental agencies, research institutes, university faculty and post-graduate students, environmental consultants, industrial dispersion modeling practitioners, and pollution meteorologists. The many types of air dispersion models include those for modeling: the continuous emission of buoyant pollutant plumes; the non-continuous accidental releases of either buoyant or heavier-than-air (i.e., dense gas) pollutants; puff emissions; point-source emissions; area-source or line-source emissions; mobile transportation-source emissions; fire and smoke emission models; etc. 2398 In the context of this "Air Dispersion Modeling/Software" category, air dispersion modeling software may be defined as computerized mathematical calculations for predicting the dispersion behavior of air pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. The many types of air dispersion models include those for modeling: the continuous emission of buoyant pollutant plumes; the non-continuous accidental releases of either buoyant or heavier-than-air (i.e., dense gas) pollutants; puff emissions; point-source emissions; area-source or line-source emissions; mobile transportation-source emissions; fire and smoke emission models; etc. Air quality modeling software for urban airsheds are probably best placed in the "Air Quality" category rather than in this "Air Dispersion" category. Sources for air dispersion modeling software include governmental agencies, research institutes, university faculty and post-graduate students, environmental consultants, industrial dispersion modeling practitioners, and pollution meteorologists. 487 492 This category contains sites concerning the study and assessment of factors that affect indoor air quality and sites that discuss methods of monitoring and improving the quality of indoor air. Indoor air can contain chemical and biological pollutants such as carbon monoxide, radon, formaldehyde, asbestos, pesticides, volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), tobacco smoke, dust mites, mold, and mildew. Methods of removing these contaminants are found through research, development, and information sharing. 2403 Information about products and methodologies for controlling or monitoring indoor air quality. 4710 4706 Information about duct cleaning to improve indoor air quality. 4709 4707 4704 Informational sites offering commercial products or services for indoor odor control. Sites offering online or toll-free shopping for odor control should be submitted to: Shopping: Home_and_Garden: Climate_Control: Air_Cleaners: Odor_Control 4708 4705 493 This category is for sites focused on the Ozone component of air pollution. 489 2400 2401 4703 For devices that control air pollution from vehicles. 2399 4702 Software designed to aid in management aspects of regulatory compliance with air quality/pollution standards. For example, software for inventorying and tracking volatile organic compounds. 490 2402 65 Biodiversity is not easily defined. Try What is Biodiversity? and Defining The 'B' Word for approaches with differing emphases. Below is a definition adapted from the World Resources Institute, World Conservation Union, and United Nations Environment Programme in Global Biodiversity Strategy 1992. "Biodiversity is the totality of genes, species, and ecosystems in a region... Biodiversity can be divided into three hierarchical categories -- genes, species, and ecosystems -- that describe quite different aspects of living systems and that scientists measure in different ways. Genetic diversity refers to the variation of genes within species. This covers distinct populations of the same species (such as the thousands of traditional rice varieties in India) or genetic variation within a populations (high among Indian rhinos, and very low among cheetahs) ... Species diversity refers to the variety of species within a region. Such diversity can be measured in many ways, and scientists have not settled on a single best method. The number of species in a region -- its species richness -- is one often- used measure, but a more precise measurement, taxonomic diversity, also considers the relationship of species to each other. For example, an island with two species of birds and one species of lizard has a greater taxonomic diversity than an island with three species of birds but no lizards ... Ecosystem diversity is harder to measure than species or genetic diversity because the boundaries of communities -- associations of species -- and ecosystems are elusive. Nevertheless, as long as a consistent set of criteria is used to define communities and ecosystems, their numbers and distribution can be measured ..." Resources related to biodiversity or conservation as an issue or a topic of debate belong primarily in the relevant subcategory of Society/Issues/Environment. Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 441 Agricultural Biodiversity, sometimes called 'Agrobiodiversity', encompasses the variety and variability of animals, plants and micro-organisms which are necessary to sustain key functions of the agro-ecosystem, its structure and processes for, and in support of, food production and food security. Agricultural Biodiversity provides: i. Sustainable production of food and other agricultural products emphasising both strengthening sustainability in production systems at all levels of intensity and improving the conservation, sustainable use and enhancement of the diversity of all genetic resources for food and agriculture, especially plant and animal genetic resources, in all types of production systems. ii. Biological or life support to production emphasising conservation, sustainable use and enhancement of the biological resources that support sustainable production systems, particularly soil biota, pollinators and predators. iii. Ecological and social services provided by agro-ecosystems such as landscape and wildlife protection, soil protection and health (fertility, structure and function), water cycle and water quality, air quality, CO2 sequestration, etc. 2330 Aquatic Diversity is an important component of agricultural biodiversity. The conservation and sustainable use of local aquatic ecosystems, ponds, rivers, coastal commons by artisanal fisherfolk and smallholder farmers is important to the survival of both humans and the environment. Since aquatic organisms, including fish, provide much of our food supply and income for coastal peoples, it is critical that fisherfolk and smallholder farmers have genetic reserves and sustainable ecosystems to draw upon as aquaculture and marine fisheries management continue to evolve. 2331 This category contains links to international, national or other Clearing House sites dealing specifically with Agricultural Biodiversity. 2333 Domestic Animal Diversity is an important component of agricultural biodiversity. The conservation and sustainable use of local breeds by farmers, pastoralists, breed societies and enthusiasts is important to the survival of both humans and animals. Since domesticated animals provide much of our food supply, it is critical that farmers, pastoralists and animal breeders have genetic reserves to draw upon as agriculture continues to evolve. Livestock depend on forage and feed diversity and contribute, through nutrient recycling, to maintaining soil biodiversity. 2332 On-farm conservation and sustainable use of crop biodiversity - both cultivated crops and wild relatives 2334 Links to principal non-profit, public interest seed saver organisations throughout the world which conserve and distribute heritage and heirloom varieties of seeds, often through volunteer seed guardians 451 442 As humans, we have a large impact on ecosystems. Care must be taken, therefore, when we use and interact with these systems. 2344 The survival of bird populations is threatened by habitat loss, with a reduction in plants and insects numbers. Habitat protection and restoration is often a key requirement in the conservation of bird species. 4610 Description: This category is for political and social issues concerning loss of endangered raptor species. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 2343 There has been a major shift of emphasis of zoos from recreation to conservation. Information gathered through research undertaken at zoos assists in conservation and management decisions. Captive breeding programmes conducted in zoological parks produce individuals for release into the wild in reintroduction programmes, so boosting wild populations. 2337 2342 Streams, lakes and oceans exist in a fragile balance. Predators maintain the population of the species they prey upon at the level which the environment can support. If humans are to harvest from these ecosystem, the effect of removing animals from the ecosystem must be understood. 4609 Sharks comprise about 1% of all living fish, with approximately 350 species occurring globally. Most sharks feed on other fish or marine mammals, while some are plankton feeders. Threats to sharks include incidental capture during net fishing and hunting due to an increase in trade for shark products and persecution. 6367 This category is dedicated to sites that have information on the protection and conservation of the Great White Shark. 6368 This category is dedicated to sites containing information on the protection and conservation of the whale shark species. 2335 2339 Invertebrates have suffered a lack of attention from conservation professionals and the general public in the past. Scientists, however, are gaining a better understanding of the role of invertebrates in natural systems and the need to protect them. Habitat loss is one of the main threats to invertebrate populations. Over collecting of some invertebrate groups, such as beetles and butterflies, can also pose a threat. 2345 Many species of mammals have undergone a decline in distribution and population size during this century, due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Mammals often attract more public interest than other groups of animals, due to the larger species such as elephants and the big cats. There are, however, many small, inconspicuous mammals also in need of conservation. 4618 4619 Description: This category is for links to resources about conservation of bears (includes Pandas) or bear populations as a political or social issue. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 4617 6372 Description: This category is for links to resources about conservation of wolves or wolf populations as a political or social issue. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 8178 This category deals with the Ethiopian wolf. 4614 4616 Feline conservation is a careful preservation and protection or planned management of a feline species to prevent exploitation, destruction, neglect, or extinction. 6371 Description: This category is for links to resources about conservation of tigers or tiger populations as a political or social issue. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 4612 Description: This category is for links to resources about conservation of hooved animals or hooved animal populations as a political or social issue. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 4611 Description: This category is for links to resources about conservation of marine mammals or marine mammal populations as a political or social issue. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 6369 4615 6370 Description: This category is for links to resources about conservation of gorillas or gorilla populations as a political or social issue. Related: Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? 4613 2341 All life depends on plants. Threats to plant communities range from the destruction of large areas of trees through logging, to pollution from fertilisers, car exhausts, factory emissiona and sewage. Increased fertility as a result of fertiliser pollution and nitrogen deposition results in a decline in the diversity of plant species with vegetation becoming increasingly dominated by fewer, more competative species 4608 2338 4605 4607 4606 4604 4603 2336 Over the last few decades, many reptiles and amphibians have declined in numbers, with some species becoming extinct. These declines are often attributable to human activity such as deforestation, draining of wetlands, and pollution. 4602 2340 Many biologically rich areas are essential resources for local people. Habitat and species conservation and the needs of local people cannot be addressed separately, as this may lead to poverty, resentment and lack of co-operation by locals. Linking biodiversity conservation with people's needs, through sustainable development, involves the combining of environmental stewardship with economic development and providing for the needs of local people. 438 Individuals and organizations offering consultancy services in any field of biodiversity research, training or management. Scope is global. 444 449 446 439 2328 2329 448 2352 2353 447 452 Invasive species are organisms (usually transported by humans) which successfully establish themselves in, and then overcome, otherwise intact, pre-existing native ecosystems. Expanding global trade and communication have contributed to the mixing of faunas and floras across biogeographical boundaries. This process, together with habitat destruction, has been a major cause of extinction throughout the world in the past few hundred years. The scientific investigation of invasive species includes chronicling their spread and impact, but also study of why and how some species are successful invaders. Biologists are trying to characterize the ability to invade, in the hope that incipient invasions can be predicted and stopped. 2357 4636 4635 4637 2356 2354 2355 4633 4634 445 450 443 2348 4626 4623 4625 4624 4622 2346 2350 4627 4628 4629 2351 4632 4630 4631 2347 4621 4620 2349 440 60 Conferences, meetings, workshops, conventions, and similar events focused on scientific and technical aspects of the environment. 425 75 497 69 This category is for resources regarding the teaching or dissemination of information regarding environmental science. Content areas often include ecology, as well as "issues" such as recycling, composting, and waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. 465 This category is a resource for environmental educators that are looking for curriculum materials, which have already been developed, to use in their classrooms or nature centers. 460 This category lists sites that are directories of links concerning environmental education. 462 This category is a compilation of environmental education programs that are actively implemented in or are offered for presentation in schools. 461 This category lists sites that describe journals that relate to environmental education. 463 This category is for organizations that specialize in designing environmental education curricula or programs. 2366 464 This category is for Environmental Education programs which occur primarily outdoors and which include activities such as field studies, hiking, plant identification, animal study, etc. The underlying purpose of these programs is to further environmental awareness and increase environmental knowledge. Outdoor Environmental Education programs are often provided by nature centers or specialty field studies schools. 459 458 466 Universities offering several Environmental Programs are listed. For specific program titles, please check the sub categories. Research institutions are shown for their education facilities only. 2371 2369 2367 This category includes University-Level Programs titled Environmental Policy. Environmental Policy Programs at universities offering several environmental programs are listed in Science/Environment/Education/University-Level Programs. 2372 This category includes University-Level Programs titled Environmental Science. The course content of Environmental Science programs may be similar to programs in Environmental Studies. 2368 This category includes University-Level Programs titled Environmental Studies. The course content of Environmental Studies programs may be similar to programs in Environmental Science. Environmental Studies Programs at universities with several environmental programs are listed in Science/Environment/Education/University-Level Programs. 2370 74 Internet resources that are focused on environmental employment. 494 Direct links to the employment sections of individual employers. 495 Lists of position openings and other resources for employers and job seekers maintained by professional societies in the environmental area. Professional society web sites in the environmental field are listed at http://dmoz.org/Science/Environment/Organizations/Professional_Associations/ 496 67 Environmental aspects of energy production and utilization. For information on renewable energy resources, see Science:Technology:Energy:Renewables. For information on energy efficiency and conservation, see Science:Technology:Energy:Conservation. 455 2361 Information about electromagnetic fields associated with cell phones, and resulting health effects. 2362 Information about devices and products for reducing exposure to electromagnetic fields. 453 454 Petroleum and petroleum distillates are ubiquitous environmental concerns. This category deals with the properties of petroleum and petroleum products, oil spills, underground storage tanks, and remediation of hydrocarbon contamination in various environmental settings. 2358 2360 4639 4640 The tanker Prestige broke up and released oil off the coast of Galicia, Spain, in November 2002. 2359 4638 Products and services for inspection, monitoring, leak detection and remediation of underground tanks for storage of petroleum and petroleum products. 71 Environmental Health - Definition. Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by interactions with physical, chemical, biological and social factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing, correcting, controlling and preventing those factors in the environment that may adversely affect the health of present and future generations. (From the Pew Environmental Health Commission) 473 474 479 478 "Endocrine disruptors" are a broad term for chemical substances that may disrupt the hormonal systems of humans and wildlife by mimicking or blocking the action of normal hormones. The best-known example is synthetic estrogens. DDT, dioxins, PCBs, and certain epoxy resins are among the chemicals that may act as endocrine system disruptors. 2382 480 2384 2386 2383 4644 2385 475 2377 2378 477 This category is for sites with a more international focus or sites with products of interest to a wider global market. Sites with a local business focus should be submitted to a category of /Regional. For example duct cleaning may be submitted to /Regional/Your_Location/Business_and_Economy/Construction_and_Maintenance/ 2381 Consultants specializing in environmental health. 2380 476 2379 472 The environment contains many substances (elements, compounds, manufactured products) which are toxic to humans and animals. 2376 2373 2374 2375 64 Collection, interpretation and dissemination of data about the ambient environment, including (but not limited to) weather and climate, air quality, water quantity and quality, vegetative cover, soil characteristics, contaminated sites, and changes in these conditions over time. 437 Devices for environmental sampling and monitoring. Includes analytical instruments for use in the field, but not laboratory analytical instrumentation. 2325 Products for environmental air sampling and monitoring of particulate (dust/aerosol) and gaseous (e.g. NO, CO2, etc.) substances, both outdoor and indoor. 2327 Information about and vendors of devices for sampling soils and sediments in situ. 2326 436 66 Forests and Rainforests 76 Global change topics include climate change ("global warming"), greenhouse gases, and stratospheric ozone. 507 All sites produced by commentators and climate change activists - both skeptics and proponents. 502 Monitoring and study of the distribution and cycling of carbon in the atmosphere, oceans, and ecosystems. 503 Efforts to manage carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by reducing emissions or sequestering carbon. 2408 501 Resaerch centres and umbrealla groups devoted to predicting long-term changes in climate. 504 500 The effects and influences of climate change are transmitted through air, land, water, animal and plant life, and human health. Evidence of ecological impacts - gathered by observation, modeling and experimentation - is provided by indicators that measure things such as temperature, precipitation, storms, sea levels, atmospheric ozone, crop yields, human health, and the appearance, behavior and abundance of insects, birds, and animals in the wild. "Indicators are designed to provide clear signals about something of interest. Indicators communicate information about the status of things, and, when recorded over time, can yield valuable information about changes or trends. The values of an indicator over time can inform decisions about whether intervention is desirable or necessary, which of various interventions might yield the best results, and how successful interventions have been. Indicators therefore can and should guide policy and help direct research." Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources (CGER) 2407 Websites that describe the appearance, behavior and abundance of insects, birds and animals as scientific indicators of global change. 2405 An ecosystem is a community of organisms and their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit. Examples include wetlands, forests, tundra, glaciers, prairies, and deserts. This category is for websites that describe the effects and influences of global change in ecosystems. 2406 Websites that describe the appearance, behavior and abundance of plants (including vascular plants, nonvascular plants, fungi, lichens, etc.)as scientific indicators of global change. 2404 Websites that describe the regional impacts and indicators of global change. 4712 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama and parts of southern Mexico. 6379 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in Costa Rica. 4711 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in Europe. 6376 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in Norway. 6377 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in Sweden. 6378 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. 4714 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Mexico, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and the United States of America. 6382 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in Canada. 6381 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in the United States. 4713 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in the central and south Pacific ocean, including the islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia and New Zealand, and the continent of Australia. 6380 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in Australia. 4715 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in the area north of the Arctic Circle, the area south of the Antarctic Convergence, and the peri-Antarctic islands. 6384 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in the Antarctic. 6383 Websites that describe impacts and indicators of global change in the Arctic. 499 506 505 Siters devoted to the policy aspects of climate change. 498 National and International research centres (often, but not exclusively, academic) that are devoted to climate science or include climate science within their remit. 68 Scientific and engineering aspects of waste management and waste site remediation. 456 Scientific and engineering products and services for the characterization, treatment, and other aspects of management of hazardous wastes, as well as investigation and remediation of waste sites. 2364 Consultants offering scientific and engineering advice and services in characterization, treatment, and other aspects of management of hazardous wastes, as well as investigation and remediation of waste sites. 2363 4641 457 Designed for descriptions of the science behind remediation technologies for hazardous waste clean-up. 2365 4643 4642 Microbial agents and other bioremediation products, as well as bioremedation consultants and cleanup contractors. 62 Simply stated, impact assessment is identification of future consequences of a current or proposed action. Environmental impact assessment is currently required by laws in many nations of the world. Environmental impact assessment is an intensely interdisciplinary process that utilizes the biological, physical, and social sciences in analyzing the potential impacts of an action and in devising strategies for minimizing or preventing such impacts. Closely related fields that are also covered in this category include life cycle analysis of products and social impact assessment. 429 Online access to EIA reports, including both individual assessment reports and collections of reports. 431 430 428 Websites of consultancies, businesses, individuals, and/or institutes that offer or describe their specialized work or services in the area of environmental assessment or environmental impact assessment. The sites may or may not offer services for hire. 57 70 Environmental aspects of mining. 468 Topics include the generation, prevention, treatment and impacts of acidic waters generated by mining or related activities. 471 467 Mountaintop removal is a strip-mining practice in which the top of a mountain is literally removed by blasting and draglines, and the material is placed in a nearby valley, in order to get access to the coal or other resources under the mountain. This practice is increasingly common in the eastern United States coalfields. 470 469 Products, consultants, and other services for the environmental aspects of mining, including effluent treatment, mine reclamation, and prevention of acid mine drainage. 55 72 Most organizations listed in this area are concerned with a wide range of environmental topics. Single-focus organizations are found under the appropriate topical headings. Some listings are actually links to categories elsewhere in the directory. This category is for scientifically-oriented organizations. Environmental advocacy groups are listed in Society:Issues:Environment:Organizations. Listed as Subcategories: "Governmental" includes national government agencies and international intergovernmental agencies (such as United Nations organizations). "Industry Groups" lists environmental sites maintained by private corporations or industry consortia. "Professional Associations" are organizations of professionals engaged in various environmental fields. "Research Institutes" are operated by universities, governments, foundations, and NGOs. They are engaged primarily in acquisition and dissemination of scientific and technical knowledge about the environment or its protection. 486 This category includes national government and international intergovernmental agencies. Categories devoted to individual agencies may be found under the appropriate Regional/ category for the country represented. 2394 2391 2396 4701 4700 6374 6375 6373 2393 4698 2392 4697 4696 2395 4699 483 481 2388 2389 2387 2390 4657 4667 4666 4656 4692 4686 4679 4660 4668 4694 4672 4655 4675 4684 4648 4678 4671 4650 4691 4663 4681 4687 4690 4651 4669 4689 4647 4652 4665 4664 4661 4682 4674 4653 4683 4659 4680 4677 4649 4688 4654 4673 4685 4676 4695 4670 4658 4645 4646 4693 4662 482 485 Professional associations in environmental science fields. 484 Research Institutes are operated by universities, governments, foundations, and NGOs. They are engaged primarily in acquisition and dissemination of knowledge. -- Heidi Hileman ( concerned) 59 One definition of Pollution Prevention is: "The use of processes, practices, materials, products or energy that avoid or minimize the creation of pollutants and waste, and reduce overall risk to human health or the environment." Industrial ecology is also a closely related area. This category is primarily for resources related to waste minimization by source reduction (using fewer resources), reuse, and recycling. Composting is a technique for waste minimization, so there is a cross-link to the category Home/Gardens/Composting. Control of air and water pollution are covered in other categories of Science/Environment. 422 424 A materials exchange is an operation that enables industrial process wastes, by-products, surpluses, or off-specification materials to be transferred to another company where they are used as a process input. Materials exchanges are operated by governments, industry groups, and private firms. By exchanging byproducts with other companies, industry can achieve substantial waste reduction. Industrial ecology (see Science:Environment:Sustainability:Industrial Ecology) is a closely related concept. 2320 A materials exchange for building materials is an organization or business that facilitates the reuse of used building materials by transferring them from someone who doesn't want them to someone who can use them. 4594 Reusable antique or reclaimed building materials for interior and exterior use. 2321 Sites of firms or organizations that promote the exchange of computers or computer parts for reuse. 420 423 421 2317 2319 2318 2316 63 Products and services for environmental control and environmental science. Most listings are in subcategories. 434 Consulting services that involve the application of environmental sciences or engineering. 2323 Environmental consultants offering a broad range of services (not specialized in one field). Although many of these firms offer services internationally, for convenience most firms are listed by the geographic region where their offices are located. 4595 4601 Diversified environmental consulting firms operating primarily in Asia. 4600 Diversified environmental consulting firms operating primarily in Europe. 4597 4599 Diversified environmental consulting firms operating primarily in North America. 6366 Diversified environmental consulting firms operating primarily in Canada. 6365 Diversified environmental consulting firms operating primarily in the United States. 4598 Diversified environmental consulting firms operating primarily in Oceania, including Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands. 6364 4596 2322 Environmental consultants specializing in environmental site assessments, environmental due diligence audits, and other assessments of real property, generally done in connection with real estate transfers or loans. 435 Software for environmental sciences and engineering. 2324 Software designed to assist with environmental compliance functions, including data management, materials tracking, and other compliance-related functions. 432 433 61 426 427 Environmental journals are professional journals geared toward specialist and individuals with interest in the environment. Since the environment involves a variety of areas within various science and engineering disciplines, environmental journals cover topics involving pollution, hazards, treatment, assessment, ecology, and more. Therefore, some environmental journals specialize in one or more areas while others are more general. These specialize journals may be within disciplines such as environmental engineering journals or they may specialize within a specific area of the environment such as water or air quality. 56 The World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission), defined "sustainable development" as follows in the report Our Common Future (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1987): "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs." Sustainability can encompass many things and can be pursued on several different levels and scales. This section of the Open Directory addresses global-scale sustainability, regional and community sustainability, and sustainable living in daily lives. ("Think globally, act locally.") 413 Agroforestry is the intentional growing of trees and shrubs in combination with crops or forage. Agroforestry also includes tree and shrub plantings on the farm or ranch that improve habitat value or access by humans and wildlife, or that provide woody plant products in addition to agricultural crops or forage. Agroforestry is distinguished from traditional forestry by having the additional aspect of a closely associated agricultural or forage crop. 416 To help create a more sustainable world by encouraging the evolution and widespread adoption of thinking and practices which are socially responsible, environmentally sound, and economically viable. 2314 Areas of the physical environment, typically a piece of real estate previously owned and used by a chemical or related manufacturing or processing business, that have become contaminated to such an extent that they are not granted permits for use in the town or city where they are located. However, brownfields may be able to be "rehabilitated" or used wisely, in such a way as to minimize dangers to new users. These are brownfields. Brownfield utilization can be extremely important for any given town or city because the site may be at the heart of the industrial center of the old city or town. For an example of a city where the corporation left the site and refuses to permit brownfield use, see Schenectady, NY. For a site that is the opposite and has had corporate cooperation with local authorities and environmental engineers see "Positive Example." 417 This category deals with environmental sustainability on a global geographic scale. Some starting points for the topic of environnmental sustainability in general: ACTIVITIES ARE SUSTAINABLE WHEN THEY: 1 Use materials in continuous cycles. 2 Use continuously reliable sources of energy. 3 Come mainly from the non-destructive use of materials (i.e. creativity, communication, coordination, appreciation, and spiritual and intellectual development.) ACTIVITIES ARE NOT SUSTAINABLE WHEN THEY: 4 Require continual inputs of non-renewable resources. 5 Use renewable resources faster than their rate of renewal. 6 Cause cumulative degradation of the environment. 7 Require resources in quantities that undermine other people's well-being. 8 Lead to the extinction of other life forms. 2315 414 2313 University, graduate or undergraduate programs that focus on Industrial Ecology. Industrial Ecology research programs that are affiliated with university studies. 418 Permaculture is an integrated design system for sustainability. The word "permaculture" is a contraction of "permanent agriculture" or "permanent culture." Its roots are in the design of productive ecosystems for farms and gardens. A central theme in permaculture is the design of ecological landscapes that produce food. Emphasis is placed on multi-use plants, cultural practices such as sheet mulching and trellising, and the integration of animals to recycle nutrients and graze weeds. Permaculture concepts also reach beyond farming and gardens that into designs for all types of resilient, sustainable structures, both physical and social. It is a philosophy of maximum effort at the design stage to allow minimum effort and side-effects once the system is running, instead of the conventional method which is often the reverse. 415 Sustains: encourages, endures, holds up, nourishes, supports. Sustainable living provides a nourishing environment for life in a renewable cycle that supports life today and preserves natural resources for future generations of life. Sustainable living conserves an ecological balance by minimising the depletion of natural resources. The three R's - Reduce, re-use and recycle can be used as a guide toward sustainable living. 77 Water "resources" are the waters that people use or might use for human consumption, industry, etc. Topics may include hydrology, water supply, water distribution, water quality, wastewater, flooding, surface water (rivers, streams, and lakes), groundwater, drinking water, and water treatment technology. 519 2426 4727 2427 2428 2429 512 Educational materials broadly related to water resources and their use. This includes materials for teachers, students, water professionals, or the general population. 520 About the occurrence, hydrology, chemistry, water-supply development, water quality protection, and other aspects of groundwater (subsurface water). 2430 Arsenic pollution of groundwater from natural deposits is a considerable problem in some regions of the world, and large numbers of people are at risk from poisoning. This category is for websites dealing with the science of this problem. 2432 2431 4728 4729 2434 Websites about software tools used for modeling, data analysis, or other applications related to investigation of groundwater systems. (Includes sites describing, selling, demonstrating uses of, and/or providing free downloads of models and software tools.) 4730 Software specific for aquifer testing, including slug tests. 2433 About ground-water supply systems, including water wells and water-supply pumps, and their design and maintenance. 508 This category is for environmental aspects of lakes and ponds, including research, projects, models, information, and environmental uses. Products should be submitted to the Products and Services sub-category. 2409 514 509 2411 4716 2412 2410 513 2414 2415 2413 510 This category is for sites providing information on rain water harvesting, including how-to, benefits of, and examples of projects that used rain water harvesting. If site is for a business that offers pipes, tanks, valves, or and other products or equipment please do not submit it here. There are more appropriate categories for such sites. 515 2416 Watershed councils include local and/or regional advocacy groups organized around a particular watershed, river, or stream. 516 This category is for Stormwater topics such as pollution treatment and prevention; effects of stormwater run-off; and management information, practices, and theories. 2417 517 2420 2422 Suppliers and information on septic tanks, greywater systems, and innovative/alternative residential wastewater technologies 4726 2419 Suppliers of wastewater-related products and services for the municipal, industrial and institutional markets. 4722 Suppliers of wastewater-related products and services related to the biological treatment and stabilization of wastewater using an aeration process alone or incombination with chemical flocculants for the municipal, industrial and institutional markets. 4725 4717 4720 Suppliers of wastewater-related products and services specifically related to handling fats, oils, greases (FOGS) and other lighter than water flotables for the municipal, industrial and institutional markets. 4719 Suppliers of wastewater-related products and services related to the treatment and stabilization of municipal, industrial and institutional markets by the use of lagooning or oxidation ponds. 4718 Suppliers of wastewater-related products and services related to the landfilling and leachate control of wastewater for the municipal, industrial and institutional markets. 4724 Suppliers of products designed to monitor or meter the municipal or industrial wastewater treatment processses. 4721 Suppliers of filtration, or ultra-filtration processes and equipment for the wastewater-related industies specifically related to handling suspended particles for use in the municipal, industrial and institutional markets. 4723 Suppliers of wastewater-related products and services related to the treatment, stabilization and use of aerobic and anaerobic sludges, bio-solids and odors for the municipal, industrial and institutional markets. 2423 2421 2418 511 This category is for science based informational web sites on water quality. 518 Wetlands are the swamps and marshes that typical exist between land masses and water masses and may also occur where water sheds, aquifers, or other water sources are. 2424 2425 Wetlands mitigation banking is a concept under which a public or private entity purchases a property and restores degraded wetlands, or converts the property to a wetland, to compensate for wetland damage at one or more other sites in the same region, usually from development by other agencies, utilities, or private developers. 7 5 13 1 42 Research organizations, academic departments, scientific and engineering societies and associations, professional societies, museums of science and technology, government science establishments. 184 182 178 Botanical Gardens and Arboreta are scientific institutions that acquire and maintain living collections of plants for the purposes of research and education. They perform the same function for plants as Zoos and Aquariums do for animals. Typically, to belong within category Science:Institutions botanical gardens and arboreta must have a full-time scientific staff, an herbarium and library, and a catalogued collection of thousands of plants. Although botanical gardens and arboreta may also have a public viewing area, in which case they may be listed as well under Public Gardens, it is the presence of a viable research faculty using an herbarium or herbaria which distinguishes botanical gardens and arboreta from public gardens. This tends to make botanical gardens and arboreta larger in size and more dedicated to preservation of plant taxa than Public Gardens, however size or reputation are not the determining factors. Universities with herbaria do not constitute botanical gardens, even if there is a botanical garden on campus, and even if there is a research program involved, but are listed instead under Science: Biology: Botany: Education. The reason is that University botanical research falls within a traditional academic structure dedicated primarily to teaching. 892 183 National and multi-country government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils. 911 National and multi-country government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in Africa. 2699 National and state government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in South Africa. 917 2703 National and state government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in India. 912 915 918 National and multi-country government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in Europe. 2707 National and provincial government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils. 2705 National and provincial government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in the Czech Republic. 2704 National and state government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in Denmark. 2706 National and laender government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in Germany. 2708 National and provincial government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in the Netherlands. 2709 National, government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils in the United Kingdom. 4868 Centres for e-science in the United Kingdom. 914 2700 National and provincial government and quasi-governmental science agencies and councils. 916 2701 2702 919 2710 913 910 179 893 2688 2689 2687 2686 181 908 2697 2696 2698 909 A great deal of scientific research is done in public and private universities. Assembled here is a list of some of the largest institutions of this kind. If you would like to suggest an addition to the list, please use the Feedback tool to suggest it to the listed editor. 180 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to large, internationally-recognized zoological parks. These zoos and aquaria are actively engaged in various organized conservation programs, and maintain those programs in addition to their public services. 907 901 904 899 900 902 This category is for directories of zoo, aquarium and animal related websites. 898 2695 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to large, internationally-recognized zoological parks and aquaria in the United Kingdom which are actively engaged in various organized conservation programs, and maintain those programs in addition to their public services. 4867 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to large, internationally-recognized zoological parks and aquaria in England which are actively engaged in various organized conservation programs, and maintain those programs in addition to their public services. 4864 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to large, internationally-recognized zoological parks and aquaria in Northern Ireland which are actively engaged in various organized conservation programs, and maintain those programs in addition to their public services. 4866 4865 905 This category is for sites about zoos and aquariums created by enthusiasts. Typical content includes personal photos taken at the zoo, stories about trips to different zoos, and gathered animal information. 906 897 896 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to zoos and aquaria that are located in North America. 2694 2692 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to zoos and aquaria that are located in Mexico. 2693 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to zoos or aquaria that are located in the United States. 4858 4841 4851 4840 4857 4856 4855 4854 4852 4842 4843 4844 4845 4847 4848 4849 4850 4846 4827 4853 4829 4831 4832 4814 4834 4833 4816 4828 4830 4835 4836 4837 4838 4826 4839 4859 4860 4861 4862 4863 4817 4818 4819 4820 4815 4821 4822 4825 4823 4824 4813 895 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to large, internationally-recognized zoological parks and aquaria in Oceania which are actively engaged in various organized conservation programs, and maintain those programs in addition to their public services. 2690 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to large, internationally-recognized zoological parks and aquaria in Australia which are actively engaged in various organized conservation programs, and maintain those programs in addition to their public services. 2691 Related: (very comprehensive guide) Where should I submit my website about animals? Or, where will I find the animal topic I am looking for? This category has links to large, internationally-recognized zoological parks and aquaria in New Zealand which are actively engaged in various organized conservation programs, and maintain those programs in addition to their public services. 894 903 50 Scientific instruments and supplies includes consumable supplies, measurement instruments, lab equipment, related repair services for professional scientists, teachers and researchers within the science fields. 359 Contains sites for distributors of scientific laboratory equipment, devices, instruments, and consumable and non-consumable supplies. These products are those typically found in scientific, educational, research, quality assurance, quality control and government laboratories. Manufacturers of scientific laboratory equipment are listed in Science/Instruments_and_Supplies/Laboratory_Equipment . Distributors and manufacturers who primarily distribute to industries for large scale manufacturing are listed in Business/ . 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 1997 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1996 1995 1994 360 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose radio and stable isotopes for scientific research. Also sites from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose NMR isotopically labeled solvents and other chemicals are listed here. In addition, sites from research institutions, which develop analytical tools and provide isotope services for research and industry. 2020 These sites are from research institutions, which develop analytical tools and provide isotope services for research and industry. 2021 These are sites specifically about NMR solvents and standards. 10/22/00 364 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose lab consumables and disposable supplies. Such as syringes, plastic lab ware, disposable lab coats etc. 10/22/00 362 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily lab furniture and ancillary equipment as their main (or one of their main) products or services. This category also includes lab design firms, and renovation firms, as long as their primary product deals with scientific laboratory design or renovation. This lab furniture category includes, but is not limited to sites that sell or service work benches, fume hoods, lab cupboards, case work, drying racks any and all types of lab furniture, including electronics assembly and test benches. 10/22/00 2022 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily lab hood, glove boxes, fume cupboards and related equipment as their main (or one of their main) products or services. You will also find hood certification firms here. 10/22/00 367 This category includes companies that sale, manufacture or distribute labels, notebooks, engineering notebooks, laboratory notebooks for lab record keeping. Record keeping software may also be considered for inclusion here. 07/02/00 2023 This category includes companies that sale, manufacture or distribute computerized notebooks, laboratory notebooks for lab record keeping. 07/02/00 357 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose lab safety equipment and supplies. This may include signs, OBA's, safety gloves and safety wear. 07/02/00 361 This category contains sites from companies, organizations, and/or individuals with Scientific instruments, systems, equipment, and/or lab space for rent or lease. 358 This category contains sites that list automated products for the laboratory such as auto samplers, robotics, high throughput screening equipment, and mechanical devices that make lab work easier for the lab tech. These devices perform the mind-numbing repetitive exercises for the lab tech. This category does not include computers and/or software. 1993 This category contains sites that list consultants and integrators for automation products for the laboratory such as auto samplers, robotics, high throughput screening equipment, and mechanical devices that make lab work easier for the lab tech. These devices perform the mind-numbing repetitive exercises for the lab tech. This category does not include computers and/or software. 1990 Journals related to laboratory automation. 1991 Professional associations related to laboratory automation. 1992 This category contains sites that list various software, data reduction, and data manipulation products and services for the laboratory for use with auto samplers, robotics, high throughput screening equipment, and mechanical devices that make lab work easier for the lab tech. 1989 Symaposia related to laboratory automation. 365 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose laboratory computers or software for laboratory computers. This cat does not generally include data loggers. 368 Contains sites for manufacturers of scientific laboratory equipment, devices, instruments and non-consumable supplies. These products are those typically found in scientific, educational, research, quality assurance, quality control and government laboratories. Manufacturers who also distribute their own and/or other products are listed in this category. Distributors of scientific laboratory equipment are listed in Science/Instruments_and_Supplies/Distributors. Manufacturers and distributors of equipment, devices instruments and supplies intended for use in large scale and or industrial manufacturing are listed in Business/ . 2025 These sites are from companies that manufacture or sell primarily chart recorders and/or data loggers; either mechanical, electrical or electronic. 10/22/00 2028 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily glass devices for the lab. Such as glass beakers, funnels, distilling and reflux products etc. This category also includes lab glass blowing and lab glass design firms. Custom glass shops and individual craftsman are also included. 10/22/00 2027 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily laboratory grade tubing and fittings and other devices normally used with tubing. Tubing or tubing products made of natural or man-made polymers, or metal will be listed here. Here you will find any sort of tubing, clamps, pumps, fittings for carrying liquid gas or slurries within, between, to or from the lab or lab instruments. 07/02/00 2026 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily laboratory load cells and ancillary equipment, such as mounts and sensors. Which may include specialized weighing devices. 07/02/00 2039 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily electronics research, or mechanical lab research suppliers. This category will not contain sites that list only field service equipment. Only research grade instrumentation, laboratory quality instrumentation or suppliers will be listed here. 2041 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily medical research, medical diagnostic or clinical lab equipment and supplies. This category does not include MRI, or radiology sites. 2040 This category includes, but is not limited to sites that make, manufacture, distribute or sell microscopes and microscope supplies. Three sub-categories under this listing include light, scanning and electron microscope products and services. 07/02/00 4314 This category includes sites that make,manufacture, distribute, sell or service all types of electron microscopes and related supplies. 4315 This category includes sites that make, manufacture, distribute, sell or service light microscopes and related supplies. Included in this category are confocal microscopes and supplies. 4313 Microscopes that image the surface by scanning the object usually with a sharp tip and piezoelectric feedback. Category includes but is not limited to Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STM), Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM),Scanning Force Microscopes (SFM)and Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopes (SNOM). 2038 This category includes webpages about companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily optical equipment components for the lab, such as mirrors, lenses, and filters. Optical laboratory equipment may include optical inspection equipment, optical benches, photonics, machine vision optics, electro-optical laboratory equipment, unmounted and mounted optics for optical benches, optical supplies and optical cleaning supplies. This category does not include lasers, unless the site submitted makes manufactures or distributes or supplies these products directly to be usable in a laboratory setting. 4312 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily borescopes and fiberscopes for the lab. 07/02/00 2036 This section includes but is not limited to sites that make, manufacture, distribute, repair, calibrate or sell pipettors and dispensing devices, automatic and/or manual. 2035 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose pressure sensors and/or transducers or flow sensors and/or transducers. This would include liquid as well and pneumatic devices such as mechanical and electrical gauges. Mechanical and electrical pressure and flow regulators are also included here. Non industrial scale devices are listed here, scientific, laboratory type measuring devices only. Does not include data loggers or chart recorders generally. 2034 Instruments and related products for measuring and detecting ionizing radiation or radiological dose, including companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sell these devices. Producers and distributors of isotopes or radiological sources for lab or research purposes are not included, but may be found in Science/Instruments_and_Supplies/Isotopes. Instruments relying on radiation sources for purposes such as metrology and well-logging are included in categories related to the application for which the instrument is used, not here. 4311 Producers and distributors offering portable radiation monitoring equipment and personal dosimetry products including Geiger counters, environmental monitors, survey meters, Radon gas detection equipment, ratemeters, digital dosimeters, passive dosimeters, monitors for nuclear security applications, portal monitors; also sites offering advice and guidance on radiation monitoring using the above types of equipment. 4310 Producers and distributors offering radiation measurement equipment for scientific research and industrial applications. Products include semiconductor detectors, scintillation detectors, gas proportional counters, position-sensitive radiation sensors, pulse-processing electronics, multichannel analyzers, field-portable spectrometry equipment, nuclear medicine instrumentation, nuclear assay and decommissioning systems, detector components. 2033 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sell primarily lab instruments, services or supplies that can be used with or for refrigeration or cold storage of laboratory materials, samples or supplies. 2032 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily all types of spectroscopy and spectroscopy related equipment, parts, tools, repair, calibration, and supplies. Including UV, VIS, IR and FT instruments. This category does not include NMR related "stuff". 2031 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily general-purpose temperature sensors; including transistorized temperature sensors and thermocouples. 2030 This section includes, but is not limited to sites that salvage, save, recondition, rebuild, distribute or sale used and/or surplus lab instruments as their main product or service. 2024 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily equipment, supplies, or ancillary devices for the production of a laboratory vacuum. 4309 Central Vacuum systems are used to replace multiple vacuum pumps and minimize maintenance. They consist of one or more vacuum pumps, usually with electrical controls for automatic operation. 2029 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily analytical balances, lab scales, triple beam scales, force or mass measuring devices. 2037 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily pH meters, ion selective probes and meters, dissolved oxygen sensors and/or BOD devices. 366 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, or distribute calibration devices for the lab, repair, service, or calibrate lab instruments or equipment, or make calibration lab equipment, or certified lab equipment or reference materials for the lab. This cat also includes companies that have as their main product or service; analytical, quantitative; chemical or biological lab services. 07/02/00 356 These sites are from companies that deal primarily with laboratory waste management solutions, hazardous as well as non-hazardous, radioactive and non-radioactive, toxic and non-toxic, biological, and animal waste. 363 These sites are from companies that make, manufacture, distribute or sale primarily lab instruments for tribology or the study of lubrication or its effects. Tribology: The science of the mechanisms of friction, lubrication, and wear of interacting surfaces that are in relative motion. From the Greek tribos, a rubbing; tribein, to rub. 21 22 10 12 44 Math or mathematics is the study of numbers and variables representing numbers to solve everyday problems, learn about the world around us or to be an exercise in logical reasoning. Some applications of math are in the areas of finance, physics, sociology, computer programming, fractal music and geometric art. 220 1139 Academic departments of Mathematics in countries in Africa 3096 3095 Academic daprtments of Mathematics in South Africa 1140 Academic departments of Mathematics in countries in Asia 3111 Academic departments of Mathematics in Armenia 3097 Academic Departments of Mathematics in Bangladesh. 3110 3109 Academic Departments of Mathematics in Georgia 3108 3107 3106 3105 3104 3103 3102 3098 3101 Academic departments of Mathematics in Sri Lanka 3100 3099 1141 Academic departments of Mathematics in countries in the Caribbean 3112 University departments of mathematics in Jamaica. 3113 3114 University and college departments of mathematics in the US Virgin Islands. 1138 1137 This category is for mathematical departments located in colleges and universities in Europe. Many countries have their own subcategories. 3094 3091 Academic departments of Mathematics in Belarus 3090 3089 Departments of mathematics in Bulgaria 3093 Academic departments of Mathematics in Croatia. 3088 3087 3086 Academic departments of mathematics in Estonia 3085 3084 3083 3082 3081 3080 3079 3078 Academic departments of Mathematics in Latvia 3077 Academic departments of Mathematics in Lithuania 3076 3075 3074 3073 3072 Academic departments of Mathematics in Romania 3071 Academic departments of Mathematics in Russia 3070 3092 Academic departments of Mathematics in Slovenia. 3069 3068 3067 3066 Academic departments of Mathematics in the Ukraine 3065 1142 Academic departments of Mathematics in countries in the Middle East 3117 3116 3115 1143 Academic departments of Mathematics in countries in North America 3120 3119 3118 5024 5023 1144 Academic departments of Mathematics in countries in Oceania 3123 3122 Academic departments of Mathematics in Fiji 3121 1145 Academic departments of Mathematics in countries in South America 3128 3127 3126 Academic departments of mathematics in Chile 3125 Academic departments of Mathematics in Colombia 3124 207 Algebra is a branch of mathematics that uses letters or other symbols to represent unknown quantities, called variables. These variables and number values are combined to form equations. The rules of these equations follow the exact same rules as arithmetic, such as the commutative and associative laws for addition and multiplication. Functions are a special type of equation, where one variable can be uniquely defined in terms of the other. Another part of this topic is graphing of equations and functions using the Cartesian coordinate graph or polar coordinates. Also, covered in this topic is set theory or what constitutes a grouping of numbers. 1038 2955 Conferences, meetings, seminars, workshops in Category Theory. 4988 Meetings in Category Theory which have already taken place. 2954 2953 Research Groups in Category Theory. 1037 Site promoting or reviewing conferences held in any field of algebra, or the teaching of algebra. 2951 Lists of meetings in Algebra. 2952 Conferences in Algebra which have already taken place. 1043 The Algebra Education category should include teaching resources for educators and parents to enable them to assist in teaching students the field of algebra. This covers basic algebra and advanced algebra course. 1035 The algebraic theory of fields: including Galois theory and the classicial problems of solubility of polynomials. 1039 Sometimes known as Clifford Algebra, a powerful mathematical language for expressing physical ideas, unifying diverse mathematical formalisms and aids physical intuition. 2956 Research Groups in Geometric Algebra (Clifford Algebra). 1041 2957 Tables in Group Theory. 1033 1044 This category includes webpages that discuss the early development of basic algebra concepts, such as solving for an unknown quantity or graphing a function. 2958 Category includes webpages that gives information about contributors to the development of a systematic method of solve of problems with the use of unknowns, graphing and using deductive reasoning to proof formula theorems. 1040 Abstract theory of vector spaces and linear maps: the theoretical counterparts of vectors and matrices. 1042 Researchers in Algebra. 1032 Books, eprints, journals, magazines, newsletters, preprints and othe publications in Algebra. 2950 1036 Research Groups in Algebra 1034 The algebraic theory of rings. 1045 2959 The computer algebra system REDUCE. 229 1222 Analytic properties of functions of a complex variable 3218 Potential theory is the branch of mathematical analysis which includes the topics: harmonic, subharmonic and superharmonic functions, potentials, capacity, Green functions, harmonic measure and the Dirichlet problem. 1219 Conferences, courses, meetings and workshops in Mathematical Analysis. 3217 Conferences, meetings, workshops in Mathematical Analysis which have already occurred but for which the site still offers some value. 1221 Topological and normed linear spaces and algebraic structures. Banach and operator algebras. 1216 Information on unsolved research problems in Analysis. 1220 Researchers in Analysis. 1224 Books, eprints, journals, magazines, newsletters, preprints and othe publications on mathematical Analysis. 3219 Journals in Mathematical Analysis. 1223 Mathematical analysis of functions of a real variable 1218 Research groups in mathematical analysis. 1217 The mathematics of numerical methods for Fourier and related transforms. 219 Applications of mathematics, other than mathematical physics. MSC 2000classes 62Pxx Applications 91-XX Game theory, economics, social and behavioral sciences 92-XX Biology and other natural sciences 93-XX Systems theory; control 94-XX Information and communication, circuits 1133 The mathematics of communications: entropy, information, channel capacity, Shannon's Theorems, coding and cryptography MSC2000 categories 94A Communication, information 94B Theory of error-correcting codes and error-detecting codes 3054 Coding Theory is the mathematical study of error-detection and error-correction in communication systems. 5007 Meetings, conferences, workshops etc. in Coding Theory 6495 Events in Coding Theory which have already taken place but for which there is still information on the web. 5009 Researchers in Coding Theory. 5003 Books, journals, newsletters and other publications in mathematical Coding Theory. 5004 Quantum error-correcting codes. 5006 Research groups in Coding Theory. 5010 Software for implementing, demonstrating or researching error control codes and coding theory. 5005 Tables of codes. 5008 6497 Software for implementing, demonstrating or researching turbo codes. 6496 This category contains the homepage URL's of people doing research on Turbo Codes. You can find their publications and research findings in these pages. 3055 5011 6502 6500 6498 6501 6499 5016 5015 Conferences, meetings, workshops in mathematical aspects of Cryptography. 6503 Conferences, meetings, workshops in mathematical aspects of Cryptography which have already taken place but for which the site still offers some value. 5019 5018 Journals related to Cryptology (Cryptography + Cryptanalysis). 5017 Information about the life and works of professionals and researchers in cryptography, living and dead. 6504 8191 5013 5014 Internationally acclaimed groups for research in cryptography and realted fields. 5012 3052 Conferences, courses, meetings and workshops in Communication Theory. 5002 Events in Communication Theory which have already happened but for which the sites retain 'added value'. 3053 Research groups in Communication Theory with a strong mathematical component 1129 "Complex systems" is an emerging field of science which generalises certain aspects of sociology, biology, physics and other traditional disciplines of science, as well as engineering, management, and medicine. It deals with systems composed of number of smaller units (complex particles) and studies their mutual interaction and their interaction with the system enviroment. 3040 Classical organisms made of cells, is a special case of a more general concept. Generalized or abstract organism can be made of the other organisms; for example an 'ant hill' can be viewed as a single organism, made of mostly of individual ants or society as an organism made of individuals. The individual units may be anorganic (robots) or exist only in a computer (artificial life). Such complex systems, which like classical organisms exhibit goal-oriented behaviour are called abstract organisms. 4999 Gaia Hypothesis or Gaia Theory looks at planet Earth (and other living planets which we may encounter in the future) as an instance of a living organism. It is not an organism on classical sense, but it can been considered a special case of a more general concept, concept of generalised or astract organism. 6494 6493 4998 Living organisms evolved from a common ancestral species. Using supercomputers, genome project data, exisiting dabase biologists, mathematicians and researchers in other fields are beginining to create a new, complex and magnificent version of the TOL - the Tree of Life. The category covers evolution on Earth, exobiology and articial life and models. 3041 Conferences, courses, meetings, seminars,workshops and other events in the Mathematics of Complex Systems. 3036 Evolution of Complexity and Evolution to Equilibrium both exhibit the Arrow of Time (see category 'Time and Timelessness'). Here we list Generalised Dynamical Systems, which can describe, model and explain such behavior. 4997 Software for simulation of complex dynamics and evolution 3037 papers and articles available on the web as well as hard copy journals for Complex Systems. 3039 Complex Systems use Computer models and simulation as their princpal tools. Models in this category will be classified according to their area of application: evolution, global or planetary models (Gaia studies), societal models (swarm) .. This subcatory is intended for methodology of the simulation and model building, general issues which apply to all models, testting, reduction, validation.. 3038 Research groups devoted to study of Complex Systems 1126 This category is for site concerned with the mathematical theory of systems and their control. In engineering and mathematics, control theory deals with the behaviour of dynamical systems over time. The desired output of a system is called the reference variable. When one or more output variables of a system need to show a certain behaviour over time, a controller tries to manipulate the inputs of the system to realize this behaviour at the output of the system. As an example, consider cruise control. In this case, the system is a car. The goal of cruise control is to keep the car at a constant speed. Here, the output variable of the system is the speed of the car. The primary means to control the speed of the car is the amount of gas being fed into the engine. 3030 Conferences, meetings, workshops in the mathematics of control. 4995 Conferences, meetings and workshops in Control Theory which have already taken place. 3027 This category is about governmental and non-governmental institutions involved in this field. It includes national and international agencies, research centers and academic departments. 4994 This category is about non-governmental and non-commercial associations invloved in this field. 3029 Referred academic journals, whether printed or electronic, dealing with the mathematics of control theory. 3028 Researchers in control theory. 1125 Conferences, meetings, seminars and workshops dealing broadly with Applications of Mathematics. 3026 Lists of meetings, conferences, workshops and courses in the Applications of Mathematics. 3025 Conferences, meetings, seminars, workshops in Applications of Mathematics which have already taken place. 1132 Encyclopedia Britannica's says that "the chief concern of information theory is to discover mathematical laws governing systems designed to communicate or manipulate information. It sets up quantitative measures of information and of the capacity of various systems to transmit, store, and otherwise process information. Some of the problems treated are related to finding the best methods of using various available communication systems and the best methods for separating the wanted information, or signal, from the extraneous information, or noise". The study of information theory is also concerned with the definition of notion of information in a general sense and with a unified information theory that is supposed to contain all the statements of existing information theories. 3047 Departments at institutes of higher education which focus on information theory. 3049 Conferences in Mathematical Information Theory 5001 Conferences in Information Theory which have already taken place. 3048 Journals, both electronic and print, relating to Information Theory. 3046 Individual papers relevant to Information Theory. 3050 Scientists who took part in development of this branch of science. 3051 Research groups in mathematical Information Theory. 3045 Professional societies committed to research in information theory. 1128 Applications and use of Mathematics in the life sciences. 3033 Conferences, meetings, workshops in Mathematical Biology. 4996 Events in Mathematical Biology which have already taken place but for which the site retains some value. 3032 3034 Organizations such as professional bodies, societies or student clubs in Mathematical Biology. 3035 Researchers in Mathematical Biology. 3031 Academic research groups in Mathematical Biology. 1130 Mathematics applied to Chemistry 3042 Conferences, meetings, workshops etc in Mathematical Chemistry. 5000 Events in Mathematical Chemistry which have already taken place. 3043 Research groups in Mathematical Chemistry 1136 Applications of mathematics to economics and finance MSC 2000 classes 91Bxx Mathematical economics 62P05 Applications to actuarial sciences and financial mathematics 62P20 Applications to economics 3061 3060 Conferences, meetings, workshops in Mathematical Economics and Financial Mathematics 5021 Events in Mathematical Economics and Financial Mathematics which have already happened but for which there is still information published on the web. 3062 Researchers and practioners in Mathematical_Economics_and_Financial_Mathematics 3063 Books, eprints, journals, magazines, newsletters, preprints and other publications in Mathematical Economics and Financial Mathematics. 5022 Journals in Mathematical Economics and Financial Mathematics 3059 Research groups in Mathematical Economics and Financial Mathematics. 3064 Software for mathematical economics or financial mathematics. 1134 The application and use of mathematics in geology. 3056 Conferences, meetings, workshops, etc. in Mathematical Geosciences. 5020 Conferences, meetings, workshops in Mathematical Geosciences which have already taken place. 3057 1131 Applications of Mathematics to Psyschology. 3044 Conferences, meetings, seminars, workshops in Mathematical Psychology. 1124 Sites of professional applied mathematics organizations, including national and international organizations. 1123 Researchers in the Applications of Mathematics. 1135 Books, journal, newsletters and other publications in the Applications of Mathematics. 3058 Journals in the broad area of Applications of Mathematics. 1127 Research groups in applications of mathematics. 225 Calculus is a branch of mathematics concerned with two types of functions: derivatives and integrals. The derivative calculates the rate of change of the function at a point on a curved line. This formula also works for a straight line, as well. A derivative of a function is written by adding a apostrophe like this: f'(x). One of the applications of derivatives is to determine velocity and acceleration of an object in motion. Integrals measure the area under a curved line graph, such as a half circle. The integral symbol looks like a flattened S. Derivatives and integrals are related in that they are inverse functions of each other. That means the operations will cancel each other out, such as taking the square root of a squared number will give you the original number. Applications of integrals include calculating areas of plane regions or surfaces, as well as calculating volumes of solids. Both derivatives and integrals are defined by using the concept of a limit. An example of a limit is where you have the equation 1/x. If you take x to be very large, then 1/x gets closer to 0. 1187 Calculus of variations is the study of finding minima and maxima of functions. 1186 1182 Development of calculus ideas began in ancient Greek times starting Archimedes in around 225 BC used the exhaustion method, that was previously developed by Zeno, Eudoxus and others, to prove that the area of a segment of parabola can be derived from knowing the area of circumscribed parallelogram. This finding relates to integral calculus. In the early 17th century, Descartes created a new method of finding the slope of a normal line. Next, Barrow was working on how to find the slope of a tangent line to the circle by shortening the two sets of points on a chord in a circle. This was known as Barrow's differential triangle. Barrow also may have understood about the inverse relationship between differentiation and calculus. The development of integral and derivative calculus was fairly separate until the 17th century that Barrow, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz discovered the relationship between the two branches of the field and were able to write a proof for this theorem. Knowing this relationship is extremely helpful in finding the integral formulas that we use to find curved areas. There were many other people not listed here or as well known as Archimedes, Leibniz, and Newton, but they all created a progression of events to create this enormously useful and elegant mathematical tool. Applications of calculus have expanded from finding areas of curved shapes to biology to profit optimization and on to engineering applications. 3172 5051 Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz lived from 1646 and died in 1716. He was born in Leipzig, Prussia and died in Hannover, Germany. He was considered by most people to be have independently discovered calculus concepts, along with Sir Isaac Newton. He was also famous as a philosopher and logician. He's credited with making the first mechanical calculator. 1184 Sites which list (large numbers of) integrals, definite and indefinite. 1183 Calculus using more than the usual two variables x and y in a function. The most common multivariable function would have three variables x,y and z, with z being the dependent variable. 1185 This includes softwares that provides facilities for calculus problems 218 A fractal is a chaotic mathematic object which can be divided into parts, each of which is similar to the original object. Fractals are said to possess infinite detail, and are generally self-similar and independent of scale. In many cases a fractal can be generated by a repeating pattern, typically a recursive or iterative process. The term fractal was coined in 1975 by Benoît Mandelbrot, from the Latin fractus or "broken"/"fraction". Chaos theory, in mathematics and physics, deals with the behavior of certain nonlinear dynamical systems that (under certain conditions) exhibit the phenomenon known as chaos, most famously characterised by sensitivity to initial conditions. Systems that exhibit mathematical chaos are deterministic and thus orderly in some sense; this technical use of the word chaos is at odds with common parlance, which suggests complete disorder. 1122 Chaos theory, in mathematics and physics, deals with the behavior of certain nonlinear dynamical systems that (under certain conditions) exhibit the phenomenon known as chaos, most famously characterised by sensitivity to initial conditions. Systems that exhibit mathematical chaos are deterministic and thus orderly in some sense; this technical use of the word chaos is at odds with common parlance, which suggests complete disorder. 3023 This category is for sites about print and online journals publishing research about the chaos theory and its applications. 3024 This category is for sites concerned with researchers in the chaos field. 1121 This category is for sites containing images made with fractal generating programs. Post-processing, composite, and layered fractal images are acceptable also. 3022 Webring about fractal art. 1120 This category is for sites dealing with software used to generate fractals, or software used for chaotic behavior computation (dynamic systems). 3021 Software designed to explore and/or analyze fractals can be hard to use, owing to their sometimes math-intensive nature. This category is a collection of tutorials for the use of specific programs and guides on the technical and aesthetic aspects of creating fractal art in general. 206 Contains mailing lists, newsgroups, forums, message boards, and chat rooms which are designed to discuss a spectrum of mathematics topics. 227 Combinatorics studies problems involving finite sets of objects that are defined by certain specified properties. For example, the objects in question may themselves be sets, numbers, graphs or other geometrical configurations. Enumerative combinatorics is concerned with counting the number of objects of a certain kind. Extremal combinatorics is concerned with finding the optimal objects of a certain kind. Topological methods, algebraic methods and even probabilistic methods have been used to solve combinatorial problems. Computer algorithms have also been used to solve some seemingly intractable combinatorial problems. Conversely, combinatorial methods have been used successfully to solve problems in many areas of mathematics and computer science. Here is a sample problem that would use combinatorics: Strangers and Acquaintances (F.P. Ramsey 1930): What is the least number of people that you need to have in a room so that there is always a group of three mutual strangers or a group of three mutual acquaintances? The answer is six. 1203 Combinatorial game theory is a branch of mathematics devoted to studying the optimal strategy in perfect-information games with two or more players (typical), one player (puzzles), or zero players (like Conway's Game of Life). 3193 Software with a focus on combinatorial game theory 1199 Designs and configurations, as a branch of Combinatorics. MSC classification 05Bxx. 3189 Matroids, independence structures, geometric lattices. MSC class 05B35. 5061 Software for handling, computing with or enumerating matroids, independence systems, geometric lattices and similar structures in Combinatorics. 3188 Software for handling, computing with or enumerating block designs and similar structures in Combinatorics. 1202 Conferences and other events with a focus on Combinatorics. 3191 Lists of conferences, meetings, workshops etc in Combinatorics. 3192 Events in Combinatorics which have already taken place but still have a web site 1204 Graph Theory, as a branch of Combinatorics, MSC classification 05Cxx. 3197 3194 5062 Sites of past conferences in graph theory including some materials, like abstracts, papers, mailing lists, etc. 3196 3195 3198 1206 1207 Research-level open problems in Combinatorics. 1201 Researchers in Combinatorics. 3190 Lists and compilations of people working in Combinatorics. 1200 Academic research groups in Combinatorics. 1205 This category is concerned with: application softwares dealing with combinatorial problems in a scientific scope. libraries of combinatorial algorithms which reflect the actual scientific state of the art. 3200 3199 223 Differential equations relate functions of several variables to derivatives of the functions. Such equations are often used in the sciences to relate a quantity to its rate of change. 1160 1155 The mathematical theory of difference equations (MSC class 39A). 1159 3142 Conferences, meetings, workshops in the mathematics of Dynamical Systems. 5025 Conferences, meetings, workshops in the mathematics of Dynamical Systems which have already taken place. 3141 Research journals specialising in the mathematical theory of dynamical systems. 3140 Unsolved problems and research challenges in the mathematics of Dynamical Systems. 3138 Researchers in Dynamical Sysytems. 3139 Research groups in the mathematical theory of Dynamical Systems. 1157 1156 3137 Conferences, meetings and workshops in Differential Equations which have already taken place but for which the site retains some value. 1161 1158 Researchers in Differential Equations or Difference Equations. 1162 Software for solving Differential Equations. 231 Link collections, especially annotated ones regarding math, math research, math education, and so on. 230 Science/Math/Education is for educational web sites of interest to educators, parents, students and professionals emphasizing the teaching or learning of various aspects of math or math topics. The best sites will try to teach or instruct about math, though clear, easy-to-follow explanations of topics are useful as well. 1229 1234 1238 3224 3225 Events such as conferences, meetings and workshops for educators in mathematics. 5071 Events such as conferences, meetings and workshops for educators in mathematics, which have already taken place. 1225 The Homework Help category includes ask an expert, tutoring services and self-help reading materials to assist with school studies. 3220 1230 1231 1237 Publications (online or print) aimed at students and teachers of mathematics. 1232 1239 Sites concerned with the popularisation of mathematics and activities outside a formal educational framework. 1226 Pages for school classes, mathematics teams, societies and other groups. 1235 The study of the properties of functions, composite functions, limits, and review of trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential equations. The purpose is to prepare the student for calculus. 1228 1227 How to use a slide rule. or how to build one, or both. 1236 Category for publishers of educational mathematics software. 1233 3223 Resources for assessment in Mathematics education 3222 Preferably for books and worksheets/workbooks which are free and accessible through the internet online or as downloadable materials. Individual books and workbooks for sale can be listed here, but stores or businesses selling books or math materials (plural) should go to Shopping/Publications/Books/Education/Math/. There is also a place for individual titles http://dmoz.org/Shopping/Publications/Books/Specific_Authors/ 3221 212 Careers advice and employment information in Mathematics. 211 Conferences, courses, meetings, seminars,workshops and other events in Mathematics generally. 1072 Sites listing conferences and meetings in Mathematics. 1073 216 1108 3008 Conferences, meetings, workshops in Algebraic Geometry 4993 Events in Algebraic Geometry which have already taken place but for which there is still useful information. 3011 Researchers in Algebraic Geometry. 3010 Books, eprints, journals, magazines, newsletters, preprints and other publications in Algebraic Geometry. 3007 Research groups in Algebraic Geometry 3009 1100 Computational geometry is in some sense the intersection of computer science and geometry, studying efficient algorithms for solving geometric problems. 3003 Conferences, meetings, symposia, workshops in Computational Geometry. 4991 Conferences, meetings, symposia, workshops in Computational Geometry which have already taken place. 3002 Books, eprints, journals, magazines, newsletters, preprints and other publications in Computational Geometry. 4990 Textbooks and reference books with a focus on computational geometry. 4989 Journals with a strong focus on computational geometry . 3001 1103 3005 Research groups in Differential Geometry. 1109 Geometry education is about teaching ideas, lesson plans, curriculum for students in a class that teaches about forms and shapes that can be measured. 1101 Conferences, meetings and workshops in Geometry. 3004 Events in Geoemtry which have already taken place but for which the sites still have 'added value'. 1097 Higher-dimensional geometry considers the properties of figures with four or more dimensions. An object of zero dimensions is a single point. It needs no coordinates. The first dimension takes up the space of a line, and has only one coordinate (the x coordinate). The second dimension takes up the space of a plane, and has two coordinates, x and y. Examples of two-dimensional shapes are circles and squares. The third dimension is all space that we know of, and it uses three coordinates, x, y, and z. Examples of three-dimensional shapes are cubes, spheres, and cones. The fourth dimension is space with an extra dimension beyond the third, and it uses four coordinates, x, y, z, and w. Examples of four-dimensional shapes are the tesseract and the hypersphere. 1102 The study of geometrical systems which differ from that of Eculid, specifically with respect to the 5th or Parallel Postulate; the dicussion of the validity or otherwise of these different geometries. 1107 Open research-level problems in Geometry. Recreational problems and puzzles have their own categories. 1105 3006 This category is for early mathematicians that have contributed to the development of the field. 4992 Euclid (circa 300 B.C.E.) is most famous for his book Elements, which for a long time was the book on geometry, and remains a classic and useful reference. It has also had a large influence on mathematics in general, because it was one of the first attempts at formalism. While the original book was destroyed, several translations are available in libraries, and copies of those translations are available in multiple forms on the web, including with interactive applets to illustrate the theorems. 1096 Includes webpages that focus exclusively about two dimension figures, such as lines, circles, and polygons. 1095 Polytopes include polygons (two-dimensional), polyhedra (three-dimensional), polychora (four-dimensional), and their higher dimensional analogs. An n-dimensional polytope is built up from multiple (n-1)-dimensional polytopes. Thus, polyhedra are built up from polygons, and polychora are built up from polyhedra. A regular polytope is composed of regular (n-1)-dimensional polytopes. There are an infinite number of regular convex polygons, five regular convex polyhedra, six regular convex polychora, and three regular convex polytopes for all dimensions five or higher. 2999 Higher dimensional polytopes are those of dimension four or higher. Four-dimensional polytopes in particular are called polychora. 2998 A polyhedron is a three-dimensional solid composed of a set of polygons connected at their edges. All of the faces of a polyhedron are flat, as opposed to spheres and cones, which have round surfaces. Polyhedra can be regular; a regular polyhedron is one composed of regular polygons (polygons where all sides and angles are the same). There are nine regular polyhedra - five convex and five concave. The five convex polyhedra are the cube, tetrahedron, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. These five shapes are sometimes referred to as Platonic solids. Polyhedra composed of two different types of regular polygons are called semiregular polyhedra or Archimedean solids, of which there are thirteen. 3000 Software for manipulating or displaying polyhedra and polytopes. 1110 The systems of geometry studying those properties invariant under projection from one point to another. One of the earlier axiomatic systems. 1094 Books, eprints, journals, newsletters, preprints and other publications in Geometry. 2997 Single title hard copy books dealing with Geometry (except for educational resource materials). 2996 Mathematical journals with a particular focus on geometry. 1098 Research groups in Geometry. 1104 1106 1099 Covers the properties of three dimensional figures, such as spheres and cubes. These figures are plotted using x,y and z axis. 222 1153 Includes societies, research groups and associations that are interested in researching or sharing information about math history. 1154 3132 Sites and pages devoted to the Danish mathematician Harald August Bohr (1887-1951). He devised a theory that concerned generalizations of functions with periodic properties, the theory of almost periodic functions. Also worked with the Dirichlet series, Riemann zeta function and Bohr-Landau theorem. 3134 Paul Erdös (born Pál Erdõs): born March 26, 1913 (Budapest, Hungary), died September 20, 1996 (Warsaw, Poland). Erdös is arguably one of the greatest and most prolific mathematicians ever known. He is directly responsible for the creation of several fields of mathematical investigation (particularly in discreet mathematics), and contributed heavily to many others. Erdös defied the conventional wisdom that mathematics was just a young man's game. For the last 25 years of his life, Erdös raced against the specter of old age to prove as many mathematical theorems as possible. Fortified by expresso and amphetamines, he did mathematics 19 hours a day, seven days a week. "A mathematician," he was fond of saying, "is a machine for turning coffee into theorems." For much of his life, Erdõs did not have a "permanent" home or academic position; instead, he travelled from city to city and country to country, staying with other mathematicians and attending as many conferences as possibile to encounter as many unsolved problems and meet as many possible collaborators as possible. 3135 3133 Karl Menger (1902-1985), mathematician, economist and philosopher, son of the economist Carl Menger (1840-1921). 3136 Scottish mathematician perhaps best known for inventing logarithms and the ingenious arithmetic trick called Napier's bones 1550-1617. 224 This category is about mathematical logic and foundations of mathematics. (So it roughly corresponds to category 03-XX in the 1991 Mathematical Sciences Classification.) Major related subjects outside mathematics are computer science at one end, and philosophical logic at the other. If you are looking for basic, non-technical information on logic, you may want to look at the subcategories Encylopedia Articles and Educational Resources. If you think your site or one that you have come across fits here: please submit it. If not sure give it to us anyway ... we will do our best to find where it belongs. 1171 Dealing with what is possible to compute and in what bounds. Covering simple linear problems up to NP-Hard problems. 1166 Computational logic consists of those approaches to general logic in which insights from the theory of computation play an essential part, for example in decision problems in logic, effective semantics of logic, computationally effective frameworks for proofs theory and theorem proving. 3150 The area of logic and artificial intelligence concerned with automating logical inference, implementing theorem provers, and the foundations of logic programming. 3151 5034 6507 The formulae-as-types correspondence is normally understood as giving a constructive interpretation for a logic, whilst classical logic is normally understood as resisting an interpreatation. Thus results that show that classical logic admits a formulae-as-types correspondence have provoked a lot of interest in the research community. 6506 Applications of logic to process algebras are often inspired by the concurrent analogue of the formulae-as-types correspondence proposed by Samson Abramsky and inspired by Girard's linear logic. 3149 A proof-assistant is a computer program with which a user can construct completely formal mathematical proofs in some kind of logical system. In contrast to a theorem prover, a proof-assistant cannot find proofs on its own 5033 5032 The Edinburgh Logical Framework is, with De Bruijn's AUTOMATH, one of the two most influential implemented proof representation systems in existence. 1177 This category lists sites that link to lots of logic sites. While an attempt is made by the editor to make it link to all logic directories that don't link to themselves, it is a well-known fact that any such attempt must fail. 1172 This category is for those sites on mathematical logic (and related topics) that are of interest to the general public rather than to professional mathematicians. 1170 1169 Anything that relates to games in logic, or logic in games. 3158 Home pages of people with recognized contributions to game semantics in logic. 1168 3156 3157 SItes about logicians of historic importance. 5036 5043 5048 Georg Cantor (1845-1918), founder of set theory. 5044 5046 German logician and philosopher. 5045 (1906-1978) Austrian philosopher and mathematician. Famous for 'Godel's Proof'. 5041 5040 5042 5038 5037 5039 5047 Though Alan Turing lived and was scientifically productive almost entirely in the first half of the 20th century, his concepts were far ahead of their time. His great and sweeping contributions to computing all occurred before 1950, yet their most profound and radical impacts are still to come. The full realization of Turing's genius likely awaits concrete embodiment in the computing and robotic artifacts of the 2020s and 2030s. By then, his concepts may finally be recognized as having been among the most powerful ideas in all of human history. They are very worth studying. If you can understand the basics, then you can know the future. 5035 Ernst Zermelo (1871-1953) made significant early contributions to set theory. 1174 Logic research groups and university logic departments all over the world. 3159 5049 Research groups in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics in Germany. 5050 Research groups in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics in the UK. 3160 1165 Anything that relates to logic-based knowledge representation systems, knowledge base systems, systems for planning and action. 1176 Meetings, conferences and symposia related to mathematical logic. 3162 British Logic Colloquium conference series. 3164 Lists of meetings in Logic and Foundations of Mathematics. 3166 3169 International Symposia for Multiple-valued Logic 3167 3165 Conferences in Logic and Foundation which have already taken place. 3163 Regular series of meetings, conferences and symposia related to mathematical logic. 3168 Workshop on Logic, Language, Information and Computation. An annual series of workshops with the aim of fostering interdisciplinary research in pure and applied logic. 1173 1164 3146 5029 3144 5026 3143 3148 5031 Home pages of researchers working in the area of modal logics 5030 3145 5028 6505 Home pages of researchers in linear logic 5027 3147 Temporal logic is a form of modal logic in which the modal operators are used to denote the truth of a statement in the future or past. Application areas include linguistics and computer science, in particular program verification. 1163 1180 Professional organizations for people working in the field of mathematical logic. 1178 Websites of active academic logicians. 3170 1179 3171 1167 3153 Bibliographies of scientific literature related to mathematical logic. 3154 Books on Logic, Set Theory and the Foundations of Mathematics. 3155 Scientific periodicals on mathematical logic and related disciplines. 3152 1175 3161 1181 Logic-related software: Softwares implement "logic(s)" explicitly. This category includes e.g. automated reasoning systems, theorem provers, self-study softwares, and their "add-in"s. Both non-commercial and commercial softwares will be listed. 213 Biography and personal web pages of math professionals and enthusiasts, living and dead. 1077 1078 1075 Sites about the Princeton professor and Nobel Laureate who is the subject of the film, A Beautiful Mind. 1074 Personal homepages of mathematicians and mathematics graduate students. 2991 2990 2989 2988 2987 2986 2985 2984 2983 2982 2981 2980 2979 2978 2977 2976 2975 2974 2973 2972 2971 2970 2969 2968 2967 2966 1076 British scientist and author, creator of Mathematica and founder of Wolfram Research, working to develop a general theory of complexity in nature. Born 1959. 233 It addresses problems about integer and rational numbers. It includes congruences, divisibility, primes, etc. and the famous Fermat Last Theorem. 1252 Algebraic Theory of Numbers. 1245 3232 Sites about the Riemann Hypothesis, that the zeroes of the Riemann zeta function within the critical strip lie entirely on the critical line. 1242 Mailing lists, newsgroups, forums, message boards, and chat rooms for discussing topics in Number Theory. 1257 Algorithmic, or Computational, Number Theory studies algorithms for performing number theoretic calculations such as highest common factor, factorisation or testing for primality. 1256 In this category are included any equation or set of equations where the unknowns must be integer numbers. It includes Fermat Last Theorem as a special case. 3271 3270 History, Proof, and Conjectures related to Fermat's Last Theorem 1255 Educational Resources covers lecture notes, web texts, course materials, project work -- all within the field of Number Theory at the undergraduate or postgraduate level. 1251 Elliptic Curves are related to the solutions to equations y^2 = x^3 + A x + B in the field of rationals, algebraic extensions of the rationals, p-adic rational numbers, or a finite field. They are used in factorization of integers and also played a role in the recent resolution of the conjecture known as Fermat's Last Theorem. 3266 The calculation of properties of elliptic curves such as their torsion groups, rank, and point counting on elliptic curves over finite fields is a highly non-trivial process. This category lists software programs written specifically to perform these calculations. 3267 Databases, tables, and scripts to enumerate and classify elliptic curves. 1244 Conferences, courses, meetings, seminars,workshops and other events in the Theory of Numbers. 3231 3230 Sites for conferences, seminars and workshops in Number Theory which meet on a regular basis. 1258 Factoring numbers is a concept learnt with the introduction of divisibility in schools, yet the process can be exceptionally challenging and difficult. This category addresses topics from the basic divisibility tests to perfection and the general problem of extracting prime factors. 3272 Elementary division rules enable you to quickly determine small factors of a given number. These rules are useful for reduction of fractions and for rapid determination of simple factors. 3274 Properties based on the sum-of-divisors function s(n), including perfect and multiperfect numbers, aliquot sequences, amicable pairs and sociable chains. 3273 Factor tables of numbers of various forms. 1248 1243 Unsolved problems in Number Theory 3229 The ABC or Masser--Oesterle' Conjecture in Number Theory 3227 Sites related to the Catalan Conjecture, that 8 and 9 are the only consecutive powers. 3226 The Collatz, Syracuse or 3x+1 problem 3228 Goldbach conjectured that every even number is the sum of two primes. 1246 Researchers in Number Theory. 3258 3257 3256 3255 3254 3253 3252 3251 3250 3249 3248 3247 3246 3245 3244 3243 3242 3241 3240 3239 3238 3237 3236 3235 3234 3233 1253 3269 3268 Testing an integer for prime or composite character. Probabilisitc tests yield an answer with high probability of correctness, primality proofs yield an answer which is certain to be correct, often with a certificate of primality which can be verified more easily than the original proof. 5073 Prime numbers may be considered as the building blocks of the integers, and the problems of factoring numbers into primes and discovering large primes of various forms have a definite nobility. Perhaps somewhat surprisingly, prime numbers may be proven prime without exhaustively testing all potential factors. This category includes links to theoretical information, and organized searches that apply these theorems. 6544 The various algorithms to determine the primality or compositeness of a number are ideally suited to computer programs, particularly when the numbers are large. This category lists programs designed specifically to search for prime numbers and prove their primality. 5072 Composite numbers which 'pass' probabilistic primality tests. Carmichael numbers also fall under this heading. 1247 Books, journals and preprints in Number Theory 3259 Bibliographies in Number Theory 3262 Books about the Theory of Numbers 3260 Number Theory is concerned with the theory of numbers. Number Theory Journals is concerned with Journals which are concerned with the theory of numbers. Clear? 3263 Collections of preprints in the Theory of Numbers. 3261 Research dissertations and theses in Number Theory. 1249 Research groups, laboratories and networks in Number Theory 1250 3265 Resources for the PARI/GP library and interactive number theory system 3264 UBASIC is a BASIC-like environment for number theory. It has high precision real and complex arithmetic (up to 2600 digits), exact rational arithmetic and polynomials with complex, rational, or mod p coefficients, as well as string handling and list handling capabilities. 1254 217 A branch of mathematics that uses repeated operations to find approximate solutions to equations. There is also an attempt to measure the error rate of such approximations. 1112 The numerical approximation of analytic objects. 1113 Companies providing services, consultancy or software in the area of Numerical Analysis. 1115 Conferences, meetings, special sessions, workshops in Numerical Analysis. 3013 Meetings in Numerical Analysis which have already taken place but for which there is still information on the Web 1118 Numerical methods for the solution of linear equations, eignevalue problems, matrix reduction and so on over the real or complex numbers. 1117 Mathematicians, who specialize in the study of approximation methods for solving formulas and equations, including measuring the extent of possible errors. 1111 Books, eprints, journals, newsletters and preprints in Numerical Analysis. 3012 1114 Research groups in Numerical Analaysis. 1119 Numerical analysis techniques include finite difference analysis, finite element analysis, fast Fourier transforms, and related. 3020 1116 3016 3014 Page of links on wavelets. 3017 FAQ and tutorials on wavelets and wavelet-related topics. 3019 A research group should be more than one person doing research on wavelets. 3018 3015 234 The study of operations research (OR) is concerned with mathematical methods and tools for solving problems relating to the allocation of scarce resources subject to constraints. Frequently these problems have to do with determining the least cost or greatest profit possible for a cost or profit function subject to constraints such as capacities and required amounts over a very large number of variables. Important problems within this space include minimum cost routing problems, network maximum flow or minimum cost flow problems, and machine scheduling problems. The growing trends in OR increasingly utilize applications of more than one technique and involve individuals from other disciplines. Moreover, they involve a blend of "hard" and "soft" as well as a mixing of different "hard" or "soft" techniques with the increasing use of multiple methods within one piece of analysis. A creative thinking must look in detail at how those from disciplines outside of OR can come to work in the organizations on multi-disciplinary studies. Those who have come from such backgrounds, clearly share their perspectives and experiences. The field of OR is always changing. Its changes are driven by the technology it uses and that it extends, and the applications that it affects. 1260 1263 3275 1259 Conferences, Workshops, short-courses and other get-togethers in general OR/MS. 1261 1264 3276 Web pages of national operations research societies. 3277 This category is devoted to groups or societies devoted to a particular topic within Operations Research 1262 Bibliographies, books, bulletins, eprints, journals, magazines, newsletters, preprints and theses in Operations Research. 209 Sites of professional mathematics organizations, including national and international organizations. 1058 Sites for former members of mathematics courses or departments. 1059 221 1147 1146 Benford's Law is related to statistics and may also be called "The first Digit Law" . It states that the first digits of a natural set of numbers follow a certain trend, example; The "% frequency" of number "1" as the first digit or leding digit is "%30.10" ; number "2" is "%17,61"....etc. 1149 3129 1152 1151 3131 Biographies from the MacTutor History of Mathematics 3130 Personal Web pages of probabilists 1150 1148 Lecture Notes, Tutorials, Books available online 210 1063 This category lists book publishers which specialise in mathematical topics or for which mathematics forms a signfificant part of their output. 1071 This category includes webpages for single title hard copy books dealing with mathematics, except for educational resource materials. 1070 1065 1069 1068 Journals publishing refereed research papers in mathematics. 2965 1064 Multimedia presentations (such as video) in Mathematics, with emphasis on the research level. 1060 Publications of interest to the professional mathematics community, excluding refereed research journals. 1062 Mathematics books and similar texts online in HTML or downloadable formats such as DVI, PostScript, PDF. 2964 Sites hosting collections of freely available online mathematics texts and similar materials, or links to them. 1066 1061 1067 228 1212 The sites in this category are related to competitions and mathematical olympiads, but must also contain content of interest to those not involved in the competition. 3204 Mathematical contests that are open to students from more than one nation. 3208 Math competitions that are open to all students in the country. 3207 Online based competition without an official gathering for the event. Contestants usually obtain the contest problems from website and must submit the answers through mail or e-mail. The format of the contests range from annual to problem of the week contests. 3205 Smaller competitions only available to specific schools, local areas, states, or provinces. 5065 5066 5064 6543 6542 6539 6535 6541 6540 6538 6525 6537 6536 6527 6534 6529 6524 6533 6521 6531 6528 6530 6532 6526 6523 6522 3206 a crypography challenge found in the book "code book" by Singh. A large cash prize was given to the winner. 3209 5067 1210 This category is for solutions, hints and online versions of famous math problems. 3203 The Monty Hall Problem is based on the game show called Let's Make a Deal where a contestant is asked to choose from three doors to win a prize. Upon choosing a door the contestant is then shown what's behind one of the two remaining doors. The contestant is given the choice or changing their original choice and picking the last door. The dilemma involves whether to accept the third door or to stay with the first choice made. Some assume that the second door shown will always be the non-prize and thus the contestant should always accept the third door. 3202 A problem where you have to move 3 or more disks from one peg to another peg. 5063 Online versions of the Tower of Hanoi in Javascript, Java, CGI or another internet language. 1209 A flexagon is a hexagon, which you can make from a strip of triangles. The objective is to open the flexagon in the middle and have a previously hidden face appear. Arthur Stone, an English graduate student, was in the practice of doodling with the strips of paper that he cut from around the edges of his notebook paper. American paper was too large for his English binder. One of the constructions arising from this happy misfortune attracted his attention in particular. A committee of graduate students formed to solve the mystery of the "flexible hexagon", or, as it soon became known, the "flexagon." The members of this group-- Richard P. Feynman, Bryant Tuckerman, John W. Tukey, and Arthur H. Stone, had laid the groundwork for all consequent study, through developing their yet unpublished theory, by the early 1940's. When the group disbanded, the flexagon was left, nearly forgotten, for ten years. Then, toward the beginning of the fifties, it received slight publicity with several very brief articles in mathematics magazines. 1208 This category contains educational web sites containing mathematical problems, games, puzzles, or quizzes. Sites whose emphasis is on mathematical education are welcome to submit in this category. 3201 This category includes site containing weekly or monthly problems. Every week or month, new problems will be given out and students will have some time to work on the problem. Solutions will be posted at the end of the week or month while a new problem will come out. 1214 A Magic Square of order n is an arrangement of the numbers from 1 to n^2 (n-squared) in an n by n matrix. The sum of any row, any column, or any main diagonal must be the same. The smallest non-trivial case is of order 3. The same idea can be extended to other shapes such as stars, cubes, circles, and so on. These are called Magic objects. 1215 1213 Some say that numbers aren't as important as actual functions, but we say they are! :-) For anyone who has wondered why 13 is unlucky, why you can't eat pi, or why 1 is the multiplicative identity, this is the category you've been searching for since grade school. Whatever intellectual curiosity has been nagging at you since you first wrote the number 5, you will be likely to find an answer to your question here. And if not, submit your own! Also: Definitions of important constants, formulas to compute them and formulas that use them. 3211 There are two common uses of Zero: One use is as a empty place indicator in our place-value number system. Hence in a number like 2106 the zero is used so that the positions of the 2 and 1 are correct. Clearly 216 means something quite different. The second use of zero is as a number itself in the form we use it as 0. There are also different aspects of zero within these two uses, namely the concept, the notation, and the name. This category is concerned with the second use, the number zero itself. It lists sites that discuss the history, use and specialities of the number zero. Additionally such topics as "division by zero" are listed. 3212 Fibonacci numbers, named after Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci, are the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, . . . , each of which, after the second is the sum of the two previous ones. 3216 Used in many context, infinity can have many meanings. The sequence of natural numbers, 1, 2, 3, ..., is said to be infinite. In geometry, the number of points on a line is said to be infinite. Time is often assumed to be infinite, in the sense that it had no beginning, or will have no end, or both. Space is often assumed to be infinite in extent. Infinity is not bound by the basic rules and axioms of math and can destroy logic in arithmetic. 3214 Integers are positive and negative whole numbers, such as 1, 2, 3. Numbers that are most common and used everyday, but here are some distinctive facts about these numbers not everyone knows. 3215 Pi = 3.1415926535... An irrational number, a never ending yet never repeating decimal, Pi has been calculated and explored throughout history from the ancient times to the present. 5068 5070 This category collects poems that include the numbers of Pi. 5069 Contains program executables and source codes for calculating Pi. 3210 e = 2.71828182 It has been called the logarithmic constant, Napier's number, Euler's constant, and the natural logarithmic base. The constant plays a key role in descriptions of phenomena such as radioactive decay and population growth and, in the financial world, and in calculations of compound interest. 3213 Phi is the Greek letter representing the golden ratio, also called the golden mean or the golden proportion. Break a line segment into two such that the ratio of the whole to the longest segment is the same as the ratio of the two segments, that ratio is the golden ratio. Phi = 1.618034... 1211 Mathematical recreations involving tessellations or tiling. 232 Lists, tables, dictionaries and similar reference material in Mathematics. 1241 Prizes and awards in Mathematics. 1240 Mathematical tables and data files. 215 1092 1090 1093 Research Institutes in Mathematics and its applications to or connexions with other subjects. 1091 Sites referring to open problems in mathematical research. Those referring to a specific area should be submitted to that category: there is also a recereational category. 1089 Research groups in a specific area of Mathematics. 208 1048 2961 Slide rules were, in a way, made obsolete by the advent of electronic calculators. Still, the slide rule illustrates some important mathematical properties and is quite useful when an electronic calculator is not available. 1049 Commercial enterprises in the field of Mathematical Software. 1046 1054 Conferences, meetings, seminars, workshops on Mathematical Software. 1047 Software for assisting in the plotting of graphs (in the statistical data / function sense). 2960 Gnuplot is a command-line driven, interactive, function and data-plotting program for producing 2D and 3D plots. Although Gnuplot does not have as many features as some of the commercial mathematical software available. It is not as complex to use as packages such as Mathematica or Matlab. Gnuplot can be run under DOS, Windows, Macintosh OS, BeOS, OS2, VMS, Linux, and many other operating systems. 1055 2963 1051 1052 1053 2962 1056 An open computer algebra system for symbolic and numerical computations. 1057 1050 226 1190 3177 3176 1188 Mailing lists, newsgroups, forums, message boards, and chat rooms for the discussion of topics in Statistics. 1198 1189 Scientific conferences related to statistics. 3173 Lists of meetings, conferences, workshops and courses in Statistics. 3174 Conferences and other meetings in Statistics which have already taken place but for which the web sites still have some value. 3175 Series of regularly occurring scientific meetings or symposia in which Statistics or statistical methodology is the primary topic. 1196 Science/Math/Statistics/Education is for educational web sites of interest to educators, parents, students and professionals emphasizing the teaching or learning of various aspects of statistics. This would include how to find the mean, median, standard deviation, and creating bar charts. The best sites will try to teach or instruct about statistics though clear, easy-to-follow explanations. 3187 Academic departments of Statistics 5060 5059 6520 Academic departments of Statistics in South Korea. 5058 Academic departments of Statistics in Europe. 6515 Academic departments of Statistics in Denmark 6519 Academic departments of Statistics in Finland. 6514 Academic departments of Statistics in Germany 6516 Academic departments of Statistics in Sweden 6518 Academic departments of Statistics in Switzerland. 6517 Academic departments of Statistics in the United Kingdom 5057 Departments of Statistics in Middle East countries. 6513 Academic departments of Statistics in Turkey. 5056 6511 6512 5054 6510 Academic departments of Statistics in Australia 6509 Academic departments of Statistics in New Zealand. 5055 1195 Careers advice and employment information in Statistics. 1194 1197 1192 Books, magazines, newsletters, preprints and other publications in Mathematical Statistics. 3178 1193 3181 ActiveX and .Net components for statistical analysis. Most components come in the form of (visual) ActiveX controls. 3180 3185 This category contains statistics software that offers the ability to be integrated into Excel. 3184 3182 Statistics Software with emphasis on Multiple Regression analysis and Curve Fitting for Time Series and Cross Section Data. Various estimation methods fall into this category: Ordinary Least Squares, Maximum Likelihood, MC Simulation, Bootstrap, etc... 3179 S is a project of statistics research at Bell Labs since 1976. In 1998, S was the first statistical system to get the Software System Award, the top software award from the Association for Computing Machinery, ACM. S is a strongly functional, and object-oriented, highly extensible programming language, with a general interactive shell environment, extensive graphing abilities, a set of functions for mathematical and statistical manipulations and exploration of data sets, with more available in optional libraries/packages. It provides a variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, time series analysis, classification, clustering, ...) and graphical techniques. It can display graphical representations of data from a custom command line, and easily output well designed, publishable plots, including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed. It has yielded two more popular implementations, S-Plus (commercial) and R (Open Source). 5052 R, also known as GNU S, is a strongly functional, highly extensible programming language, with a general interactive shell environment, extensive graphing abilities, a huge set of functions for mathematical and statistical manipulations and exploration of data sets, with even more available in optional libraries/packages. It provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, time series analysis, classification, clustering, ...) and graphical techniques. It can display many graphical representations of data from a custom command line, and easily output well designed, publication quality plots, including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed. Great care has been given to the defaults for the minor design choices in graphics, but users have full control. The shell has an option to save one full environment per working directory. R is heavily influenced by two extant languages: Becker, Chambers & Wilks' S, and Sussman's Scheme. R is most similar in appearance to the S language and environment, but the underlying implementation and semantics are derived from Scheme. R can be viewed as an implementation of S which is less standard and more different from the other implementations, S and S-Plus. Much code written for S can run unaltered in R. It is also useful for artificial intelligence and machine learning. It is Open Source, with a GPL license. 6508 This category holds links on interfaces for R to Web and Internet standards, protocols, and languages. Most are for web-based analysis, which make data analysis programs easy to share with others, via web browsers. 5053 The S-Plus system is the sole, official, commercial implementation of Bell Laboratories S. Since about 1993, the only Bell Labs license for S has been an exclusive license, with the makers of S-Plus, MathSoft Corp. S software from Bell Labs research is sent to MathSoft, which provides modifications and additions to make S-Plus and other software products, and support, education, and related services. 3186 This category is for all web sites and pages related to SPSS statistical software, and SPSS, Inc., the maker of SPSS. 3183 Statistics Software with emphasis on Time Series Analysis. 1191 214 1086 1088 2995 Calendars of events, meetings, workshops in Topology. 2994 Events in Topology which have already taken place but for which the sites retain some 'added value'. 2993 Sites for conferences, seminars and workshops in Topology which meet on a regular basis. 1087 1085 1082 1084 Knots, braids, tangles: papers, software and pictures. 2992 Advanced aspects of knot theory [technical papers, etc]. 1083 Open research problems in Topology. 1081 1079 Research groups in Topology. 1080 Software for computations in Topology. 31 Methods and techniques that are useful in a broad range of scientific and engineering applications include statistical methods, analytical chemistry, crystallography, microscopy and microanalysis, geographic information systems, and electronic data acquisition. Because many methods and techniques are themselves important fields or subfields of science addressed elsewhere in the Open Directory, this category contains numerous cross-links to other categories. 80 Imaging science is a relatively new discipline that combines computer-based imaging techniques with a variety of data acquisition tools to increase the range of properties that scientists can observe. The generic issues of imaging science include image-data acquisition; image reconstruction and processing; image recording and distribution; image display, analysis, and evaluation; human vision; and the mental processes involved in observation. 524 523 This is a listing of organizations that are associated with imaging services. They are non profit organizations as university and government or federal associations or committees that have been assembled to set standards for methods and techniques in Imaging Science. 522 Names of companies who manage, test, and handle the imaging services. 521 Information on systems designed to read vehicles' license/number plate information, as well as sites for organizations and companies active in this field. Major application areas for these systems include: Parking garage and tolling systems Law enforcement (often including some form of speed monitoring as well) Site security systems A complete system usually includes optical hardware (which may be handheld, mobile, or stationary) as well as image processing software. 81 527 528 526 525 These sites provide methods and techniques used in SPM. Scanning probe microscopes image the surface by scanning the object usually with a sharp tip and piezoelectric feedback. Category includes but is not limited to Scanning Tunneling Microscopes (STM), Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM),Scanning Force Microscopes (SFM)and Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopes (SNOM). 78 The Scientific Method is the systematic method of analysis of phenomena, devised to permit the study of repeatable, thus reliable, knowledge. This category deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of the scientific method. We will not admit sites presenting actual discoveries, or their practical and commercial applications. These sites will be automatically rejected. 79 4 28 Current news and features about science and technology. 52 Frequently-updated sources for breaking news about science including news stories, features and press releases. Includes news filters which aggregate articles from multiple sources. 54 Radio programs about science news. 53 Weblogs ('blogs') about science or from a scientific perspective. 25 24 45 "Physics is the study and application of the fundamental laws of nature, including the laws of motion, gravity, electromagnetism, heat, and microscopic interactions. These laws govern the behavior of objects at all scales, from the smallest subatomic particles to the entire observable universe. In between, physicists study nuclear reactions, the interactions of atoms with light, properties of solids, chaotic dynamics of fluids, and the evolution of stars and galaxies, among many other applications." If this doesn't tickle your fancy, there is always the quote from Rutherford: "In science, there is only physics; all the rest is stamp collecting." 236 Physics departments and/or physics research facilities from around the world. 1267 1268 Physics at two year colleges. 3297 Online information about physics courses at two year colleges. 3298 Departments at two year colleges that encompass physics teaching. 1266 3290 Websites for Physics departments for universities located in Australia. 3286 University departments of Physics in Austria. 3295 3289 3291 3296 University physics departments in the Republic of Ireland. 3288 3292 3285 University departments of Physics in South Africa. 3287 University departments of physics in Switzerland. 3293 Departments of Physics located in the United Kingdom 3294 244 Non main-stream. 1311 This category is for sites that relate to non-conventional/mainstream views of gravity and its motions. 1310 Theories for achieving faster than light processes, such as interstellar travel, faster than light communication, particles travelling faster then light, etc. or theories that suggest these possibilities, that confirm the existence of such phenomena, and experiments leading to prove these theories. 1309 262 Associations, societies, etc. 242 Collection of scientific sites dedicated to the advancement of our understanding of the universe. 1298 Universities, institutes, and non-profit organizations. 253 This category is for sites for chatrooms and online discussion forums that are dedicated to physics in general. Note that discussions dedicated to specific topics in Physics should go under the topical category in question. 259 Non-quantum and non-relativistic physics. Study of motion of "bodies" - physical objects. Concepts involved: force, velocity, acceleration, etc. 1355 1356 Harmonic Motion is the fundamental motion of all kind of matter as it has been shown that matter exists both as particles and as waves. So an understanding of waves (generated by harmonic motion) is as necessary as the understanding of particle dynamics. This site deals with the wave part of matter in the classical way going gradually towards quantum mechanics. If you have a good link to add to this category, please do so. 1354 This is a reformulation of Newton's Laws of Motion, developed by W. R. Hamilton and J. L. Lagrange, using Hamilton's principle of least action and then further analysing the resultant formulae using methods in calculus of variations. 1357 250 This category lists sites pertaining to the use of computer simulations of physical systems and numerical methods for solving physics equations. 1342 1343 241 Most of everyday matter: solids, liquids, even gases. 1295 Scientific, peer reviewed journals with a focus on condensed matter physics. 1292 All nanometer size structures and their properties. 1297 1296 1291 Atomic and electronic phase transitions. 1290 Physics of semiconductors. 1294 1293 This category deals with all theoretical and experimentals aspects of surface effects of condensed matter. 261 Physics Conferences Homepages providing Conference Announcements, Schedules, Application forms etc. This category also covers Physics meetings, workshops, summer schools and other events. 254 This category contains sites related to cosmology which utilize the theories of general relativity, quantum mechanics, or higher dimensional models. Sites on observational cosmology are to be sent to Astronomy/Cosmology 1347 This category contains sites which propose models of Cosmology other than the traditional Big Bang model or the more recent brane cosmologies. 1345 This category contains sites related to the study of branes in higher dimensions, such as brane cosmology and brane models for gravity. 1344 This category contains information on the observations of dark energy, on the cosmological constant, and on quintessence models. 1346 265 The Crystallography is a misleading term. Diamonds and relatives are on the peripheries of the crystallographer field of interest. Probably the better name would be the "structural chemistry" or even the "structural biology". How the basic structures of living, rapidly changing world are connected with something as static as crystals? If one want to know 3-D structures of biological molecules - one need to crystalize them, then to put them into the X-ray beam and to interpret the obtained diffraction pattern. For simplicity alternative techniques of structural biology, for example NMR, neutron and electron crystallography are also included here. 1382 1388 1387 1385 1386 1383 1384 255 A place for sites which have gathered together many links related to physics, usually in a useful or unique way. 240 Science/Physics/Education is for EDUCATIONAL web sites of interest to educators, parents, students and professionals emphasizing the teaching or learning of various aspects of physics or physical science. The best sites will try to teach or instruct about physics or physical science, though clear, easy-to-follow explanations of topics are useful as well. There are both a Science/Chemistry/Education and a Science/Biology/Education category here at ODP, and they may be more appropriate for some site submissions. This category is not for software or selling of products. 1284 1287 This section is about demonstrations of physical phenomena, mainly physics or physical science, appropriate to various age groups. It is NOT intended for sites which want to sell demonstration or lab products. There is a 'suppliers' page elsewhere for that. 3309 1276 Link collections, as found in this category, are sites specializing in listing other sites-- in an organized way. In this case, if someone has organized many physics or physical science sites at some page, it gets a listing here. If a page has too many dead links, however, it might not stay in this category. 1280 1285 Here are sites which either directly have free lesson plans or they nicely collect links to free lesson plans for PHYSICS or PHYSICAL SCIENCE. The assumption here is that the lesson plans are for kindergarten all the way to 12th grade in the American school system. College lesson plans are welcome, but they are rare and hard to find. Curriculum products for sale are not acceptable for this category. There is a different category for physics curriculum. Lesson plans must be available NOW as opposed to being available for purchase. Products available for free may be considered on a case-by-case basis. 1282 3308 3307 1277 Listservs for physics educators. 1289 Resources for the teaching of kinematics and other topics related to classical Newtonian theory, at the school and freshman levels. 1288 It should be fairly self-evident that this category is for educating about nuclear and particle physics, from a physics teacher's or student's point of view. Educational materials of all types are welcome, especially those which explain this somewhat opaque subject in a clear way. Sites related to 'issues' surrounding nuclear energy should probably be put in 'Society/Issues.' 1281 1279 Sites created by teachers or groups of teachers with the intent of supplementing the teaching of physics, mainly to high school students. 3306 Many physics and engineering classes have serious and for-fun egg drop contests with various sets of rules. This category is for pages explaining and reporting about such contests. 1278 Publications related to teaching physics at any level. They may be subscription-only or free. 1286 Physics Education Research (PER) is research about learning and teaching physics, NOT research about physics topics such as particle physics or determining the Hubble constant. PER is a multidisciplinary science involving both education departments and physics departments at a number of colleges throughout the world. 1283 If you were going to refer someone to a good single tutorial on a physics subject, hopefully you would find it here. Many sites on the web are 'about' a topic, but don't try to teach it. This category is intended to link to sites that competently and thoroughly teach a physics topic. It is apparent to this editor that sites like that are fairly hard to find. 266 Electricity and magnetism. 1391 3336 This category includes sites related to the topic of free electricity (electricity with zero cost to customers). 1393 Includes all material relevant to coilguns, their construction, applications, principles, etc. This is a sub-cat under Electromagnetism. 1392 1396 This category is for sites that are related to recounting and analysing the history of the development of this key branch of Physics. 3338 5079 French scientist who discovered and investigated the relationship of electricity and magnetism. 5080 Italian physicist who conducted pioneering work in electricity. 5078 Danish physicist (1777-1851) who discovered electromagnetism. The unit of magnetic field strength was named the Oersted in his honor. Additionally, he worked on the compressibility of gases and liquids, on diamagnetism, discovered piperine (a pungent component of pepper), and was the first to produce pure aluminium. 1394 3337 This category is specific to the application of magnetic levitation or maglev technologies on transportation. 5077 Articles about Maglev transportation projects. 1395 1390 This category includes links to various software packages relevant to electromagnetism 1389 The terahertz region is the (relatively new) art of studying the spectra in the very far infrared (about 0.3-10 wavenumbers/ 0.3 - 10 THz) region. This category houses sites related to the generation of radiation, spectroscopic and imaging applications of electromagnetic radiation from this region. 257 Physics jobs or career advice. 264 A collection of scientific resources about the motion of fluids like liquids and gases. 1377 Companies that offer a product or service that is related to scientific work in the field of fluid dynamics. 1379 Rescources that are interesting for people working in the field of computational fluid dynamics. 1376 Conferences, meetings, seminars and workshops on the physics of fluid dynamics and mechanics. 3335 Conferences, meetings, seminars and workshops on the physics of fluid dynamics and mechanics, which have already taken place. 1375 Collections of images on fluid motion. 1381 Personal pages of researchers in the field of fluid dynamics. 1380 Research centres, groups, institutes, laboratories and networks in the field of fluid dynamics. 1378 Software for research, engineering and education in the field of fluid dynamics. 235 History of physics: discoveries, fameous physicists. 1265 Websites about the life, work, and contributions of individual scientists (both living and dead) who have made significant contributions in physics or related fields. 3278 American physicist, 1911 to 1988, won the Nobel Prize for his bubble chamber work. 3284 Sites and pages devoted to Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885-1962), Danish physicist who furthered the theory of quantum mechanics and received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922. 5074 3283 3279 3280 British scientist, 1635 to 1703, made significant contributions to mechanics, optics, microscopy and other scientific instrumentation, astronomy and meteorology. 3282 3281 258 Scientific instruments and supplies used to do physics research and/or labs. 1353 Companies or products found in this category target high schools and colleges, or collectively the 'educational' market. Typically a school has a 'lab equipment budget' of sorts, and the money is often spent on the products or companies listed here. 260 Sites which focus application of advanced mathematical topics in physical systems. 1361 1358 This category contains sites which contain information about past, present or future conferences or meetings in any subtopic of mathematical physics. 3319 Lists of meetings, conferences, workshops and courses in Mathematical Physics. 3320 Conferences meetings and workshops in Mathematical Physics which have already taken place but for which there is still 'added value'. 1360 1362 1363 Books, etexts, journals, preprints etc. in Mathematical Physics. 3322 1359 Statistical mechanics is the application of statistics to the field of mechanics. It relates the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to the macroscopic or bulk properties of materials, hence explaining thermodynamics as a natural result of statistics and (classical or quantum) mechanics. It can, for example, predict the thermodynamic properties of bulk materials from the spectroscopic data of individual molecules. 3321 This category includes the aspects of statistical mechanics that are derived from the use of quantum mechanical concepts, such as Fermi-Dirac statistics. 256 This category contains sites which are related to current applications of physics in medicine, and to research which may have medical uses. 1352 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy is a bi-modal form of radiotherapy for treating certain types of malignant tumours. BNCT is based on the ability of the isotope 10B to capture low energy neutrons (see figure) and to produce two highly energetic particles. If the reaction occurs next to or within each cancer cell, only the cancer cells are destroyed. 1351 1348 1349 3318 1350 239 Sites and links concerning the science of nuclear physics. Different specialties are separated into their divisions. 1272 1273 Links to various facilities with nuclear physics research programs. 1275 3301 This category includes a wide spectrum of alternative fusion concepts that do not belong in other well established fusion categories. 3305 In 1989 claims were made that nuclear fusion had been achieved at room temperature through an electrochemical process. The heat liberated via this process was orders of magnitude greater than what was possible from a chemical reaction, which is why the claim of a nuclear process was put forth. Replication of the experiment proved extremely difficult, and accusations of bad science saturated the discussion. By 1990 a DOE report declared the field not worthy of funding, and most peer-reviewed journals would not even accept a cold fusion paper for review. For most scientists and the general public, that was the end of the story. However, cold fusion research has continued to this day. Replication of experiments has become commonplace, and the criticisms of the original claims have been answered. The stigma of the 1989 fiasco, however, still drives the mainstream scientific and public reaction to the field. 3303 This category includes links to all topics related to inertial confinement fusion. 3304 This category includes web pages related to magnetic confinement fusion. 3302 3300 This category deals with publications related to general topic of controlled fusion 1271 This category is for personal websites based on the subject of nuclear websites. 1274 3299 243 Physics of light. 1306 1300 This category contains sites of companies which produce optical equipment for research, and sites which provide information on equipment for optics research. 1305 1304 Research about lasers and involving lasers. 1299 This field of Physics involves the exploitation of optical properties in semiconductors and other devices. 3310 1301 Sites listed in this category will have the name of the physicist as the title. The format will be surname, given name. (Or Last Name, First Name). 1303 1302 Institutions, laboratories and other groups carrying out scientific research in Optics. 1307 1308 Optical instrument to form spectra. 245 Particle physics, often called High Energy Physics (HEP) deals with the smallest building blocks of everything around us - subatomic elementary particles. It is not about particles you could see under a microscope (e.g. dust particles) and it is not about chemical molecules. The World Wide Web was invented by particle physicists at CERN. 1321 Not main-stream. 1315 Study of elementary particles of astronomical origin. 3312 Fast, relativistic particles (protons, electrons, nuclei, gamma rays, ...) coming from space. 3311 By observing galactic motions and from cosmology we know that there is a mass in the Universe that we cannot observe so far. It is called dark matter, as opposed to bright stars. It could be some kind of elementary particles. 1319 Experments let us learn about elementary particles and their interactions. More editors are needed here to add more experiments. 1320 Neutrinos are some of the most dificult to observe elementary particles. They interact only weakly. Most of them escape without detection, only a tiny fraction of them can be seen. There are three kinds of neutrinos: electron neutrino, muon neutrino and tau neutrino. Neutrinos can oscillate i.e. they can change their identity in flight and transform from one kind of neutrino into another kind of neutrino. Sources of observed neutrinos include: nuclear reactors, accelerator beams, radioactive sources, secondary particles created by interaction of cosmic rays in the atmosphere, Sun, supernovae. Other possible soruces are: dark matter, gamma ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, relic neutrinos, Earth interior. 3315 High energy physics experiments involved in neutrino research. 3316 Conferences, meetings, workshops, summer schools and other events. 1312 Traditionally elementary particle research was done mostly with accelerators (fixed target and colliders). Other experiments have recently become more popular, especially as the largest (highest energy) accelerators became very expensive. 1313 Publications: print and electronic. 1317 Institutions and sites with elementary particle experiments. Frequently centered around a large particle accelerator. 3313 Circular and linear devices used to produce high-energy high-speed beams of charged particles, such as electrons, protons, or heavy ions. Used for research in high-energy and nuclear physics, radiation research, medical and some industrial applications. This category is designed for sites providing information on specific accelerator operating facilities ( not Research Centers or Experiments ). It will also include links for education, publications and news, software, and equipment and service providers. 5075 A cyclotron in which the electric field is maintained at a constant frequency . 1316 Research groups. High Energy Physics departments. Theoretical collaborations. 1318 Software libraries and programs used by particle physicists. 3314 CERN program library: Contains software to perform data analysis and simulation. 1314 248 Sites listed in this category will have the name of the physicist as the title. 247 Plasma, called also the fourth state of matter (the other three are solid, liquid, and gas), is mixture of ionized atoms (atoms stripped of some or all of their electrons) and surrounding electrons. 1335 1325 Published Books on Plasma Physics. 1324 This category lists non-free (commercial) software designed for applications in plasma physics 1323 This category includes private companies dealing with plasma physics applications and technology 1329 1331 1327 1339 1328 1332 1337 1333 3317 1338 1330 1336 1334 1326 238 Includes scientific abstracts, reviews of popular scientific magazines and articles (such as Scientific American, Science, and New Scientist magazines), and links to sites all relating to the field of physics. This is NOT a category for catalogs or books for sale. 1270 263 The physics which describes subatomic systems and interactions of elementary particles. 1371 3325 Relationships between quantum mechanics and the human mind are explored. 1369 1372 1367 Current Quantum Mechanics (QM) describes experiments well, physicist nevertheless disagree about physical meaning of the fundamental concepts of QM. This disagreement started with Einstein-Bohr debate and spawned several different interpretation of the same basic equations. 1370 3323 This category is meant to list any site related to the physicist Richard P. Feynman (Dick Feynman). All kinds of content, including short biographies, papers, video clips, etc can be found in this category. 3324 1374 3331 5076 3327 3328 3332 3330 3326 Kaluza-Klein theories use extra compact dimensions to reproduce the effects of fundamental particles in theories and experiments. 3329 3334 Supersymmetry is the theory that for each observed fermion there exists a bosonic partner, and for each observed boson there is a fermionic partner. 3333 1364 1366 1373 This category contains sites which provide demonstrations of topics in quantum mechanics, and online material useful in teaching quantum mechanics. 1365 1368 252 Includes reference materials in Physics, such as: Lists of formulae and constants. Glossaries of terms. Encyclopaedias 267 Classical mechanics generalized (extended) to realm of high velocities (special relativity), and strong gravitational fields (general relativity). In particular, the theory that time and space form a single 'spacetime' which is curved in the presence of energy and mass. 1408 Although the theory of relativity has been accepted by the scientific community for nearly a century, there are other theories proposed. This category is for sites which claim to disprove the theory of relativity, or which promote alternative theories. 1409 1400 3343 3339 3341 3342 Black Hole thermodynamics is the study of the analagous thermodynamical properties of black holes, such as temperature/mass and entropy/surface area, and of Hawking radiation. 3340 Wormholes are sections of spacetime that are warped in such a way as to connect two locations in spacetime, possibly at great distances. In theory a wormhole could be used for space or time travel. 1403 This category contains sites related to the study of branes in higher dimensions, such as brane cosmology and brane models for gravity. 1406 1405 1399 1401 3344 British physicist specializing in theoretical physics. Author of the bestselling A Brief History of Time. 1407 1398 1402 1404 In this category you can find everything on the possibilities of time travel (illusion or reality?) and Einstein's theory of relativity. 1397 249 Rheology is science of flow, of deformation of liquids and solids, and of the in-between viscoelastic materials, such as asphalt, glass, dough or plastics (polymers). The properties of the materials are described by the constitutive equation (rheological equation of state) which may an include other then mechanical quantities, such as magnetic or electrical fields. Constitutive equation describes the memory of materials, effects of thermal and stress history and effects such as hysteresis. 1340 Journals devoted to mechanical properties of polymers and other complex materials 1341 Learned societies devoted to studies of rheology, complex liquids and polymers. 237 Educational software, data crunching and analysis, simulations, multimedia, ... 1269 Software for physics students and teachers, and for people who want to learn physics. 251 Thermodynamics is the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes. It is closely related to statistical mechanics from which many thermodynamic relationships can be derived. Thermodynamics usually refers to equilibrium thermodynamics of quasistatic processes. Time-dependent thermodynamic processes are studied by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. 246 Includes sites on the specific properties of an environment where all of the matter has been evacuated (i.e. there would be nothing), as well as techniques and equipment for the attainment of such conditions in scientific investigations. 1322 Journals related to vacuum. 35 Scientific publications include traditional print journals typically intended for professional audiences, printed magazines typically intended for a popular audience, books, and a wide variety of electronic publications. Most publications are listed under subject-specific publications categories that are accessible here via links. URLs listed in this category are primarily for broad-scope journals, magazines, and publishers. 98 This category contains institutional electronic archives of scientific publications with interoperability standards (such as those fixed by the OpenArchive intiative). 534 Electronic Archives listed in this category provide free and unrestricted access to peer reviewed scientific papers and academic publications. Most of these archives run Eprints, a freeware for self-archiving and building OAI compliant metadata for papers. 535 This category contains sites, resources and discussions about interoperability standards for Electronic Open Archives. 95 97 Journals are intended for professionals and normally publish reports of original research. The publications listed in the main journals category are those that cover all of the sciences, or a broad range of scientific fields. Journals in the specific sciences are listed in topical subcategories. 533 Electronic Journals listed in this category provide free and unrestricted access to peer reviewed articles. 96 Periodicals (electronic, print or both) in Science aimed at a general or popular audience. These publications cover all, or a broad range, of the sciences. 94 23 15 41 Includes reference webpages and tools for general science or those that would apply to several different disciplines. Some examples would be lists of constants, measurement conversions, online calculators, formula tables, exact time, properties of materials, and technical standards. 177 Technical standards, standards organizations, and standardization across science and technology. 888 883 Sites on standards in electrical engineering. Standards organizations are to be fount not here but in Science/Reference/Standards/Organizations. 885 International or other non-governmental standards applicable to environmental management and practice. NOT about regulatory standards. 889 This category is for any pages that give information on the content of particular standards. It probably does not make sense to include any page from a standards organization which is the catalog entry and/or for-pay download page for a standards - after all there are hundreds of thousands of standards documents around, and with almost all standards orgs going to offer their catalogs on the Web in the near future we'd get hundreds of thousands of entries in this category. This category "Individual Standards" should rather take informational pages about certain standards. If a standard is important to a large number of users someone, somewhere is going to write a page describing the rationale for and application of the standard, like e.g. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-paper.html does for the paper size standard ISO 216 and related standards. The category "Individual Standar